Title |
RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9
|
---|---|
Published in |
Science, January 2013
|
DOI | 10.1126/science.1232033 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Prashant Mali, Luhan Yang, Kevin M. Esvelt, John Aach, Marc Guell, James E. DiCarlo, Julie E. Norville, George M. Church |
Abstract |
Bacteria and archaea have evolved adaptive immune defenses, termed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems, that use short RNA to direct degradation of foreign nucleic acids. Here, we engineer the type II bacterial CRISPR system to function with custom guide RNA (gRNA) in human cells. For the endogenous AAVS1 locus, we obtained targeting rates of 10 to 25% in 293T cells, 13 to 8% in K562 cells, and 2 to 4% in induced pluripotent stem cells. We show that this process relies on CRISPR components; is sequence-specific; and, upon simultaneous introduction of multiple gRNAs, can effect multiplex editing of target loci. We also compute a genome-wide resource of ~190 K unique gRNAs targeting ~40.5% of human exons. Our results establish an RNA-guided editing tool for facile, robust, and multiplexable human genome engineering. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 23 | 23% |
United Kingdom | 9 | 9% |
Japan | 5 | 5% |
France | 4 | 4% |
Belgium | 2 | 2% |
Canada | 2 | 2% |
Netherlands | 1 | 1% |
Thailand | 1 | 1% |
Australia | 1 | 1% |
Other | 10 | 10% |
Unknown | 40 | 41% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 65 | 66% |
Scientists | 31 | 32% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 1% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 110 | 1% |
United Kingdom | 37 | <1% |
Germany | 29 | <1% |
Japan | 18 | <1% |
France | 16 | <1% |
Canada | 14 | <1% |
Spain | 12 | <1% |
China | 12 | <1% |
Netherlands | 11 | <1% |
Other | 95 | <1% |
Unknown | 9363 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 2287 | 24% |
Researcher | 1577 | 16% |
Student > Bachelor | 1476 | 15% |
Student > Master | 1235 | 13% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 434 | 4% |
Other | 1214 | 12% |
Unknown | 1494 | 15% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 3524 | 36% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 2729 | 28% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 505 | 5% |
Neuroscience | 231 | 2% |
Engineering | 209 | 2% |
Other | 848 | 9% |
Unknown | 1671 | 17% |