| Title |
Opioid-Induced Androgen Deficiency (OPIAD): Diagnosis, Management, and Literature Review
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Current Urology Reports, September 2016
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s11934-016-0634-y |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Timothy K. O’Rourke, Matthew S. Wosnitzer |
| Abstract |
Opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD) was initially recognized as a possible consequence of opioid use roughly four decades ago. Long-acting opioid use carries risks of addiction, tolerance, and systemic side effects including hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with consequent testosterone depletion leading to multiple central and peripheral effects. Hypogonadism is induced through direct inhibitory action of opioids on receptors within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes as well as testosterone production within the testes. Few studies have systematically investigated hormonal changes induced by long-term opioid administration or the effects of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in patients with OPIAD. Clomiphene citrate, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), is a testosterone enhancement treatment which upregulates endogenous hypothalamic function. This review will focus on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of OPIAD, including summary of literature evaluating OPIAD treatment with TRT, and areas of future investigation. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 2 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 1 | 50% |
| Unknown | 1 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 2 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 49 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 49 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Other | 7 | 14% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 7 | 14% |
| Student > Bachelor | 6 | 12% |
| Student > Postgraduate | 6 | 12% |
| Researcher | 5 | 10% |
| Other | 11 | 22% |
| Unknown | 7 | 14% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 31 | 63% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 5 | 10% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 2 | 4% |
| Business, Management and Accounting | 1 | 2% |
| Computer Science | 1 | 2% |
| Other | 5 | 10% |
| Unknown | 4 | 8% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 24 September 2016.
All research outputs
#14,861,191
of 22,888,307 outputs
Outputs from Current Urology Reports
#446
of 590 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#205,422
of 337,404 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Current Urology Reports
#8
of 10 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 22,888,307 research outputs across all sources so far. This one is in the 33rd percentile – i.e., 33% of other outputs scored the same or lower than it.
So far Altmetric has tracked 590 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 6.2. This one is in the 23rd percentile – i.e., 23% of its peers scored the same or lower than it.
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We're also able to compare this research output to 10 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has scored higher than 2 of them.