| Title |
The Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention of Osteoporosis in Men
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Drugs, December 2012
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s40265-012-0003-1 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Leif Mosekilde, Peter Vestergaard, Lars Rejnmark |
| Abstract |
Testosterone stimulates longitudinal and appositional growth during childhood, whereas estrogen induces epiphysial closure. During adulthood, testosterone continues to stimulate periosteal growth, whereas estrogen is important for the maintenance of trabecular bone mass and structure. In males, testosterone is aromatized to estradiol. Both free and bioavailable plasma levels of testosterone and estradiol decrease with age in males, and fracture risk is associated with low estradiol levels. Testosterone may increase muscle mass and prevent fractures related to falls. Younger hypogonadal males should be treated with testosterone to attain peak bone mass and increase bone mineral density (BMD). Older hypogonadal males should be treated in cases of osteoporosis, reduced muscle strength and increased risk of falling. Secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by calcium and vitamin D insufficiency may reduce bone mass and strength and increase fracture risk and should be avoided. Since calcium supplementation has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications and renal stones, the dose should be tailored to the habitual daily calcium intake. Lifestyle-related risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity and low body weight) should be addressed. The antifracture efficacy of antiresorptive and anabolic treatment for osteoporosis has not been documented in larger randomized controlled studies. However, changes in BMD and bone markers suggest similar effects in males and females of bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronic acid), nasal calcitonin, denosumab and teriparatide (parathyroid hormone [1-34]). The antiresorptive drugs should be used in males with BMD T-score less than -2.5 and one or more risk factors, or with hip and vertebral fractures. It seems appropriate to recommend a higher cut-off T-score (e.g. less than -1.0 standard deviation [SD]) in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and in patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy because of the fast initial bone loss. Anabolic treatment should be used in more severe spinal fracture cases, including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profile of 1 X user who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 135 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
| Denmark | 1 | <1% |
| Gambia | 1 | <1% |
| Brazil | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 131 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 20 | 15% |
| Student > Master | 19 | 14% |
| Student > Bachelor | 18 | 13% |
| Other | 9 | 7% |
| Researcher | 9 | 7% |
| Other | 30 | 22% |
| Unknown | 30 | 22% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 53 | 39% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 15 | 11% |
| Sports and Recreations | 5 | 4% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 5 | 4% |
| Social Sciences | 3 | 2% |
| Other | 15 | 11% |
| Unknown | 39 | 29% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 07 February 2013.
All research outputs
#13,881,511
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Outputs from Drugs
#2,595
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Outputs of similar age
#163,298
of 278,836 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Drugs
#64
of 76 outputs
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