Title |
Exposures to Synthetic Estrogens at Different Times During the Life, and Their Effect on Breast Cancer Risk
|
---|---|
Published in |
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, February 2013
|
DOI | 10.1007/s10911-013-9274-8 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Leena Hilakivi-Clarke, Sonia de Assis, Anni Warri |
Abstract |
Women are using estrogens for many purposes, such as to prevent pregnancy or miscarriage, or to treat menopausal symptoms. Estrogens also have been used to treat breast cancer which seems puzzling, since there is convincing evidence to support a link between high lifetime estrogen exposure and increased breast cancer risk. In this review, we discuss the findings that maternal exposure to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy increases breast cancer risk in both exposed mothers and their daughters. In addition, we review data regarding the use of estrogens in oral contraceptives and as postmenopausal hormone therapy and discuss the opposing effects on breast cancer risk based upon timing of exposure. We place particular emphasis on studies investigating how maternal estrogenic exposures during pregnancy increase breast cancer risk among daughters. New data suggest that these exposures induce epigenetic modifications in the mammary gland and germ cells, thereby causing an inheritable increase in breast cancer risk for multiple generations. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 1 | 17% |
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 1 | 17% |
Unknown | 4 | 67% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 5 | 83% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 17% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Chile | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 164 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 28 | 17% |
Student > Master | 27 | 16% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 20 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 10 | 6% |
Researcher | 10 | 6% |
Other | 20 | 12% |
Unknown | 50 | 30% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 34 | 21% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 27 | 16% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 24 | 15% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 6 | 4% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 5 | 3% |
Other | 17 | 10% |
Unknown | 52 | 32% |