Title |
A comparative evaluation of the regulation of GM crops or products containing dsRNA and suggested improvements to risk assessments
|
---|---|
Published in |
Environment International, March 2013
|
DOI | 10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.010 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Jack A. Heinemann, Sarah Zanon Agapito-Tenfen, Judy A. Carman |
Abstract |
Changing the nature, kind and quantity of particular regulatory-RNA molecules through genetic engineering can create biosafety risks. While some genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are intended to produce new regulatory-RNA molecules, these may also arise in other GMOs not intended to express them. To characterise, assess and then mitigate the potential adverse effects arising from changes to RNA requires changing current approaches to food or environmental risk assessments of GMOs. We document risk assessment advice offered to government regulators in Australia, New Zealand and Brazil during official risk evaluations of GM plants for use as human food or for release into the environment (whether for field trials or commercial release), how the regulator considered those risks, and what that experience teaches us about the GMO risk assessment framework. We also suggest improvements to the process. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 22 | 22% |
United Kingdom | 10 | 10% |
Canada | 7 | 7% |
Australia | 4 | 4% |
Ireland | 3 | 3% |
Germany | 2 | 2% |
Comoros | 2 | 2% |
China | 1 | 1% |
Philippines | 1 | 1% |
Other | 5 | 5% |
Unknown | 42 | 42% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 88 | 89% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 3 | 3% |
Scientists | 3 | 3% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 3 | 3% |
Unknown | 2 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 6 | 3% |
United Kingdom | 2 | 1% |
France | 2 | 1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
South Africa | 1 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Peru | 1 | <1% |
Malaysia | 1 | <1% |
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Other | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 169 | 91% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 39 | 21% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 35 | 19% |
Student > Bachelor | 21 | 11% |
Student > Master | 20 | 11% |
Other | 14 | 8% |
Other | 30 | 16% |
Unknown | 27 | 15% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 103 | 55% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 19 | 10% |
Social Sciences | 7 | 4% |
Environmental Science | 7 | 4% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 4 | 2% |
Other | 20 | 11% |
Unknown | 26 | 14% |