Title |
Host and Environmental Factors Influencing Individual Human Cytokine Responses
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Published in |
Cell, November 2016
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DOI | 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.018 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Rob ter Horst, Martin Jaeger, Sanne P. Smeekens, Marije Oosting, Morris A. Swertz, Yang Li, Vinod Kumar, Dimitri A. Diavatopoulos, Anne F.M. Jansen, Heidi Lemmers, Helga Toenhake-Dijkstra, Antonius E. van Herwaarden, Matthijs Janssen, Renate G. van der Molen, Irma Joosten, Fred C.G.J. Sweep, Johannes W. Smit, Romana T. Netea-Maier, Mieke M.J.F. Koenders, Ramnik J. Xavier, Jos W.M. van der Meer, Charles A. Dinarello, Norman Pavelka, Cisca Wijmenga, Richard A. Notebaart, Leo A.B. Joosten, Mihai G. Netea |
Abstract |
Differences in susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases are determined by variability in immune responses. In three studies within the Human Functional Genomics Project, we assessed the effect of environmental and non-genetic host factors of the genetic make-up of the host and of the intestinal microbiome on the cytokine responses in humans. We analyzed the association of these factors with circulating mediators and with six cytokines after stimulation with 19 bacterial, fungal, viral, and non-microbial metabolic stimuli in 534 healthy subjects. In this first study, we show a strong impact of non-genetic host factors (e.g., age and gender) on cytokine production and circulating mediators. Additionally, annual seasonality is found to be an important environmental factor influencing cytokine production. Alpha-1-antitrypsin concentrations partially mediate the seasonality of cytokine responses, whereas the effect of vitamin D levels is limited. The complete dataset has been made publicly available as a comprehensive resource for future studies. PAPERCLIP. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 5 | 23% |
Canada | 2 | 9% |
Chile | 1 | 5% |
France | 1 | 5% |
Netherlands | 1 | 5% |
Malaysia | 1 | 5% |
Spain | 1 | 5% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 5% |
Unknown | 9 | 41% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 12 | 55% |
Scientists | 7 | 32% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 3 | 14% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 4 | <1% |
Germany | 2 | <1% |
Spain | 2 | <1% |
Argentina | 1 | <1% |
Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 592 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 120 | 20% |
Researcher | 104 | 17% |
Student > Master | 71 | 12% |
Student > Bachelor | 58 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 31 | 5% |
Other | 99 | 16% |
Unknown | 121 | 20% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 110 | 18% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 103 | 17% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 78 | 13% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 78 | 13% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 13 | 2% |
Other | 64 | 11% |
Unknown | 158 | 26% |