Title |
The origin and evolution of cell types
|
---|---|
Published in |
Nature Reviews Genetics, November 2016
|
DOI | 10.1038/nrg.2016.127 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Detlev Arendt, Jacob M. Musser, Clare V. H. Baker, Aviv Bergman, Connie Cepko, Douglas H. Erwin, Mihaela Pavlicev, Gerhard Schlosser, Stefanie Widder, Manfred D. Laubichler, Günter P. Wagner |
Abstract |
Cell types are the basic building blocks of multicellular organisms and are extensively diversified in animals. Despite recent advances in characterizing cell types, classification schemes remain ambiguous. We propose an evolutionary definition of a cell type that allows cell types to be delineated and compared within and between species. Key to cell type identity are evolutionary changes in the 'core regulatory complex' (CoRC) of transcription factors, that make emergent sister cell types distinct, enable their independent evolution and regulate cell type-specific traits termed apomeres. We discuss the distinction between developmental and evolutionary lineages, and present a roadmap for future research. |
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Geographical breakdown
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United States | 49 | 28% |
United Kingdom | 23 | 13% |
Switzerland | 8 | 5% |
France | 8 | 5% |
Germany | 5 | 3% |
Italy | 4 | 2% |
Spain | 4 | 2% |
India | 3 | 2% |
Canada | 3 | 2% |
Other | 24 | 14% |
Unknown | 46 | 26% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 86 | 49% |
Scientists | 82 | 46% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 7 | 4% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 5 | <1% |
United States | 4 | <1% |
Germany | 3 | <1% |
Spain | 2 | <1% |
Mexico | 2 | <1% |
Italy | 2 | <1% |
Uruguay | 1 | <1% |
Australia | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Other | 10 | <1% |
Unknown | 1136 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 292 | 25% |
Researcher | 211 | 18% |
Student > Bachelor | 119 | 10% |
Student > Master | 110 | 9% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 53 | 5% |
Other | 187 | 16% |
Unknown | 195 | 17% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
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Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 340 | 29% |
Neuroscience | 94 | 8% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 40 | 3% |
Computer Science | 18 | 2% |
Other | 96 | 8% |
Unknown | 227 | 19% |