Chapter title |
A Review of Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) and an Exploratory Study of Subjects Claiming Symptoms of HPPD.
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Chapter number | 457 |
Book title |
Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs
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Published in |
Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, January 2016
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DOI | 10.1007/7854_2016_457 |
Pubmed ID | |
Book ISBNs |
978-3-66-255878-2, 978-3-66-255880-5
|
Authors |
John H. Halpern, Arturo G. Lerner, Torsten Passie, Halpern, John H., Lerner, Arturo G., Passie, Torsten |
Abstract |
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is rarely encountered in clinical settings. It is described as a re-experiencing of some perceptual distortions induced while intoxicated and suggested to subsequently cause functional impairment or anxiety. Two forms exist: Type 1, which are brief "flashbacks," and Type 2 claimed to be chronic, waxing, and waning over months to years. A review of HPPD is presented. In addition, data from a comprehensive survey of 20 subjects reporting Type-2 HPPD-like symptoms are presented and evaluated. Dissociative Symptoms are consistently associated with HPPD. Results of the survey suggest that HPPD is in most cases due to a subtle over-activation of predominantly neural visual pathways that worsens anxiety after ingestion of arousal-altering drugs, including non-hallucinogenic substances. Individual or family histories of anxiety and pre-drug use complaints of tinnitus, eye floaters, and concentration problems may predict vulnerability for HPPD. Future research should take a broader outlook as many perceptual symptoms reported were not first experienced while intoxicated and are partially associated with pre-existing psychiatric comorbidity. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 7 | 47% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 7% |
Israel | 1 | 7% |
Unknown | 6 | 40% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 12 | 80% |
Scientists | 2 | 13% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 7% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 130 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Bachelor | 21 | 16% |
Student > Master | 19 | 15% |
Researcher | 13 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 10 | 8% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 10 | 8% |
Other | 17 | 13% |
Unknown | 40 | 31% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Psychology | 25 | 19% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 8 | 6% |
Neuroscience | 8 | 6% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 3 | 2% |
Other | 10 | 8% |
Unknown | 44 | 34% |