Title |
Regional asynchronicity in dairy production and processing in early farming communities of the northern Mediterranean
|
---|---|
Published in |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, November 2016
|
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1607810113 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Cynthianne Debono Spiteri, Rosalind E Gillis, Mélanie Roffet-Salque, Laura Castells Navarro, Jean Guilaine, Claire Manen, Italo M Muntoni, Maria Saña Segui, Dushka Urem-Kotsou, Helen L Whelton, Oliver E Craig, Jean-Denis Vigne, Richard P Evershed |
Abstract |
In the absence of any direct evidence, the relative importance of meat and dairy productions to Neolithic prehistoric Mediterranean communities has been extensively debated. Here, we combine lipid residue analysis of ceramic vessels with osteo-archaeological age-at-death analysis from 82 northern Mediterranean and Near Eastern sites dating from the seventh to fifth millennia BC to address this question. The findings show variable intensities in dairy and nondairy activities in the Mediterranean region with the slaughter profiles of domesticated ruminants mirroring the results of the organic residue analyses. The finding of milk residues in very early Neolithic pottery (seventh millennium BC) from both the east and west of the region contrasts with much lower intensities in sites of northern Greece, where pig bones are present in higher frequencies compared with other locations. In this region, the slaughter profiles of all domesticated ruminants suggest meat production predominated. Overall, it appears that milk or the by-products of milk was an important foodstuff, which may have contributed significantly to the spread of these cultural groups by providing a nourishing and sustainable product for early farming communities. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 10 | 43% |
United States | 2 | 9% |
Spain | 1 | 4% |
Finland | 1 | 4% |
Germany | 1 | 4% |
Canada | 1 | 4% |
France | 1 | 4% |
Bulgaria | 1 | 4% |
Unknown | 5 | 22% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 14 | 61% |
Scientists | 9 | 39% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 121 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 20 | 16% |
Researcher | 19 | 16% |
Student > Master | 15 | 12% |
Professor | 10 | 8% |
Student > Bachelor | 9 | 7% |
Other | 24 | 20% |
Unknown | 25 | 20% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Arts and Humanities | 32 | 26% |
Social Sciences | 14 | 11% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 13 | 11% |
Earth and Planetary Sciences | 7 | 6% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 7 | 6% |
Other | 19 | 16% |
Unknown | 30 | 25% |