Title |
Healthy lifestyle behaviors and decreased risk of mortality in a large prospective study of U.S. women and men
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Published in |
European Journal of Epidemiology, March 2013
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DOI | 10.1007/s10654-013-9796-9 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Gundula Behrens, Beate Fischer, Simone Kohler, Yikyung Park, Albert R. Hollenbeck, Michael F. Leitzmann |
Abstract |
Adiposity, insufficient physical activity, cigarette smoking, and poor diet have all been related independently to increased chronic disease risk, but their joint impact on overall health remains unclear. In a cohort of 170,672 women and men aged 51-71 years at baseline in 1996/1997 and followed-up through 2009, we investigated the individual and joint impact of four low-risk lifestyle factors: abdominal leanness (waist circumference <88 cm in women and <102 cm in men); recommended physical activity level (30 min or more of moderate exercise at least 5 times per week or 20 min or more of vigorous exercise at least 3 times per week); long-term non-smoking (never-smoker or quit smoking more than 10 years ago); and healthy diet (Mediterranean diet score within the upper two sex-specific quintiles). During 2,126,089 person-years of follow-up, 20,903 participants died. In multivariate Cox models, statistically significant decreased risks of mortality were observed for the low-risk factors abdominal leanness (relative risk (RR) = 0.86; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.83-0.89), physical activity (RR = 0.86; 95 % CI = 0.84-0.89), non-smoking (RR = 0.43; 95 % CI = 0.42-0.45), and healthy diet (RR = 0.86; 95 % CI = 0.83-0.88). The larger the number of low-risk lifestyle factors, the lower was the mortality risk. The RR comparing adherence to all versus none of the factors was 0.27 (95 % CI = 0.25-0.29). We estimate that 33 % (95 % CI = 30-35 %) of deaths in our cohort were premature and could have been avoided if all study participants had adhered to all low-risk factors. |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Australia | 1 | 1% |
India | 1 | 1% |
Mexico | 1 | 1% |
Spain | 1 | 1% |
United States | 1 | 1% |
Unknown | 93 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 16 | 16% |
Researcher | 12 | 12% |
Other | 11 | 11% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 10 | 10% |
Student > Bachelor | 9 | 9% |
Other | 19 | 19% |
Unknown | 21 | 21% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 32 | 33% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 11 | 11% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 5 | 5% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 4 | 4% |
Psychology | 4 | 4% |
Other | 17 | 17% |
Unknown | 25 | 26% |