Title |
Inflammatory processes in cardiovascular disease: a route to targeted therapies
|
---|---|
Published in |
Nature Reviews Cardiology, December 2016
|
DOI | 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.185 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Neil Ruparelia, Joshua T. Chai, Edward A. Fisher, Robin P. Choudhury |
Abstract |
Inflammatory processes are firmly established as central to the development and complications of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated levels of inflammatory markers have been shown to be predictive of future cardiovascular events. The specific targeting of these processes in experimental models has been shown to attenuate myocardial and arterial injury, reduce disease progression, and promote healing. However, the translation of these observations and the demonstration of clear efficacy in clinical practice have been disappointing. A major limitation might be that tools currently used to measure 'inflammation' are insufficiently precise and do not provide information about disease site and activity, or discriminate between functionally important activation pathways. The challenge, therefore, is to make measures of inflammation that are more meaningful, and which can guide specific targeted therapies. In this Review, we consider the roles of inflammatory processes in the related pathologies of atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction, by providing an evaluation of the known and emerging inflammatory pathways. We highlight contemporary techniques to characterize and quantify inflammation, and consider how they might be used to guide specific treatments. Finally, we discuss emerging opportunities in the field, including their current limitations and challenges that are the focus of ongoing study. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 9 | 23% |
United Kingdom | 4 | 10% |
Brazil | 3 | 8% |
Mexico | 3 | 8% |
Australia | 2 | 5% |
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 1 | 3% |
Germany | 1 | 3% |
Colombia | 1 | 3% |
New Zealand | 1 | 3% |
Other | 2 | 5% |
Unknown | 12 | 31% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 24 | 62% |
Scientists | 9 | 23% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 4 | 10% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 2 | 5% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Japan | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 460 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 71 | 15% |
Student > Bachelor | 56 | 12% |
Student > Master | 48 | 10% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 44 | 10% |
Researcher | 41 | 9% |
Other | 75 | 16% |
Unknown | 127 | 27% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 111 | 24% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 63 | 14% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 30 | 6% |
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 24 | 5% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 15 | 3% |
Other | 71 | 15% |
Unknown | 148 | 32% |