Title |
Anatomical and functional brain imaging in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)—A neurological view
|
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Published in |
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, September 2006
|
DOI | 10.1007/s00406-006-1005-3 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Marc Schneider, Wolfgang Retz, Andrew Coogan, Johannes Thome, Michael Rösler |
Abstract |
In this review, we discuss current structural and functional imaging data on ADHD in a neurological and neuroanatomical framework. At present, the literature on adult ADHD is somewhat sparse, and so results from imaging have to therefore be considered mainly from the childhood or adolescence perspective. Most work has considered the impairment of executive functions (motor execution, inhibition, working memory), and as such a number of attention networks and their anatomical correlates are discussed in this review (e.g. the cerebello-(thalamo-)-striato-cortical network seems to play a pivotal role in ADHD pathology from childhood to adulthood). The core findings in ADHD imaging are alterations in the architecture and function of prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. The dorsal part of anterior cingulated cortex (dACC) is an important region for decision making, and executive control is impaired in adult ADHD. Finally, dysfunction of basal ganglia is a consistent finding in childhood and adulthood ADHD, reflecting dysregulation of fronto-striatal circuitry. The cerebellum, and its role in affect and cognition, is also persistently implicated in the pathology of ADHD. |
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Geographical breakdown
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United States | 5 | 2% |
Australia | 2 | <1% |
Germany | 2 | <1% |
Brazil | 2 | <1% |
South Africa | 2 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Mexico | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 237 | 94% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 44 | 17% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 41 | 16% |
Student > Bachelor | 34 | 13% |
Researcher | 33 | 13% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 21 | 8% |
Other | 50 | 20% |
Unknown | 30 | 12% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Psychology | 97 | 38% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 40 | 16% |
Neuroscience | 25 | 10% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 19 | 8% |
Social Sciences | 10 | 4% |
Other | 23 | 9% |
Unknown | 39 | 15% |