| Title |
Evidence of ochratoxin A conjugates in urine samples from infants and adults
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Mycotoxin Research, November 2016
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s12550-016-0261-y |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
K. Muñoz, B. Cramer, J. Dopstadt, H.-U. Humpf, G. H. Degen |
| Abstract |
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic and carcinogenic properties, is an important contaminant of food and feed. Analysis of OTA in human biological fluids (blood, urine, or breast milk) has documented frequent exposure to this mycotoxin, yet at quite variable levels in different population groups across the world. Urine is the preferred matrix in biomonitoring since sample collection is non-invasive and better accepted by study participants. As only a small fraction of the ingested OTA is excreted in urine, determination of urinary OTA requires sensitive analytical techniques, and phase-II-metabolites should be also considered as biomarkers of exposure. Yet, data published so far on the presence of OTA-glucuronide/sulfate in human urine have been contradictory. In this study, urines (n = 38) from two groups of breastfed infants (German and Turkish) and from German adults were now analysed for the presence of OTA glucuronides or sulfates by an indirect method, i.e. by comparing the levels of OTA (aglycone) in urines without and after enzymatic hydrolysis with ß-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. Additionally, ochratoxin A-8-β-glucuronide and open lactone ochratoxin A-8-β-glucuronide were synthesized to serve as reference materials for metabolite analysis. Attempts for definitive confirmation of glucuronides of OTA via direct identification in LC-MS/MS analysis were hampered by the lower ionizability of the conjugates compared to the parent compound. Considerable increases in OTA levels were found after enzymatic hydrolysis in several (not all) urine samples and provide clear evidence for the excretion of OTA-conjugates. The latter observation is of importance, since OTA phase-II-metabolites may escape detection when direct methods are applied for urinary biomarker analysis. In conclusion, enzymatic hydrolysis of urine samples is highly advisable in order to avoid an underestimation of the OTA-exposure. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profile of 1 X user who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 61 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Spain | 1 | 2% |
| Canada | 1 | 2% |
| Unknown | 59 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 11 | 18% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 9 | 15% |
| Student > Master | 7 | 11% |
| Researcher | 5 | 8% |
| Professor > Associate Professor | 5 | 8% |
| Other | 6 | 10% |
| Unknown | 18 | 30% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Nursing and Health Professions | 10 | 16% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 10 | 16% |
| Chemistry | 6 | 10% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 4 | 7% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 3 | 5% |
| Other | 7 | 11% |
| Unknown | 21 | 34% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 1. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 12 December 2016.
All research outputs
#20,363,191
of 22,912,409 outputs
Outputs from Mycotoxin Research
#217
of 237 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#270,627
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Outputs of similar age from Mycotoxin Research
#2
of 4 outputs
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