Title |
Mapping causal interregional influences with concurrent TMS–fMRI
|
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Published in |
Experimental Brain Research, October 2008
|
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-008-1601-8 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Sven Bestmann, Christian C. Ruff, Felix Blankenburg, Nikolaus Weiskopf, Jon Driver, John C. Rothwell |
Abstract |
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) produces a direct causal effect on brain activity that can now be studied by new approaches that simultaneously combine TMS with neuroimaging methods, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In this review we highlight recent concurrent TMS-fMRI studies that illustrate how this novel combined technique may provide unique insights into causal interactions among brain regions in humans. We show how fMRI can detect the spatial topography of local and remote TMS effects and how these may vary with psychological factors such as task-state. Concurrent TMS-fMRI may furthermore reveal how the brain adapts to so-called virtual lesions induced by TMS, and the distributed activity changes that may underlie the behavioural consequences often observed during cortical stimulation with TMS. We argue that combining TMS with neuroimaging techniques allows a further step in understanding the physiological underpinnings of TMS, as well as the neural correlated of TMS-evoked consequences on perception and behaviour. This can provide powerful new insights about causal interactions among brain regions in both health and disease that may ultimately lead to developing more efficient protocols for basic research and therapeutic TMS applications. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 3 | 75% |
China | 1 | 25% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Scientists | 2 | 50% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 25% |
Members of the public | 1 | 25% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 6 | 2% |
United Kingdom | 6 | 2% |
Italy | 3 | <1% |
Canada | 3 | <1% |
Germany | 3 | <1% |
Australia | 2 | <1% |
Denmark | 2 | <1% |
Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
Austria | 1 | <1% |
Other | 4 | 1% |
Unknown | 316 | 91% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 78 | 22% |
Researcher | 71 | 20% |
Student > Master | 40 | 12% |
Student > Bachelor | 27 | 8% |
Professor | 26 | 7% |
Other | 71 | 20% |
Unknown | 34 | 10% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Psychology | 102 | 29% |
Neuroscience | 61 | 18% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 43 | 12% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 41 | 12% |
Engineering | 27 | 8% |
Other | 26 | 7% |
Unknown | 47 | 14% |