| Title |
Limitations of turbidity process probes and formazine as their calibration standard
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry, October 2016
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s00216-016-9893-1 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Marvin Münzberg, Roland Hass, Ninh Dinh Duc Khanh, Oliver Reich |
| Abstract |
Turbidity measurements are frequently implemented for the monitoring of heterogeneous chemical, physical, or biotechnological processes. However, for quantitative measurements, turbidity probes need calibration, as is requested and regulated by the ISO 7027:1999. Accordingly, a formazine suspension has to be produced. Despite this regulatory demand, no scientific publication on the stability and reproducibility of this polymerization process is available. In addition, no characterization of the optical properties of this calibration material with other optical methods had been achieved so far. Thus, in this contribution, process conditions such as temperature and concentration have been systematically investigated by turbidity probe measurements and Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy, revealing an influence on the temporal formazine formation onset. In contrast, different reaction temperatures do not lead to different scattering properties for the final formazine suspensions, but give an access to the activation energy for this condensation reaction. Based on PDW spectroscopy data, the synthesis of formazine is reproducible. However, very strong influences of the ambient conditions on the measurements of the turbidity probe have been observed, limiting its applicability. The restrictions of the turbidity probe with respect to scatterer concentration are examined on the basis of formazine and polystyrene suspensions. Compared to PDW spectroscopy data, signal saturation is observed at already low reduced scattering coefficients. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profile of 1 X user who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Scientists | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 55 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 55 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Master | 8 | 15% |
| Researcher | 8 | 15% |
| Student > Bachelor | 6 | 11% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 6 | 11% |
| Other | 4 | 7% |
| Other | 5 | 9% |
| Unknown | 18 | 33% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Engineering | 8 | 15% |
| Chemistry | 7 | 13% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 4 | 7% |
| Environmental Science | 4 | 7% |
| Chemical Engineering | 4 | 7% |
| Other | 7 | 13% |
| Unknown | 21 | 38% |
Attention Score in Context
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#22,759,802
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