Title |
Energy balance and obesity: what are the main drivers?
|
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Published in |
Cancer Causes & Control, February 2017
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DOI | 10.1007/s10552-017-0869-z |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Isabelle Romieu, Laure Dossus, Simón Barquera, Hervé M. Blottière, Paul W. Franks, Marc Gunter, Nahla Hwalla, Stephen D. Hursting, Michael Leitzmann, Barrie Margetts, Chizuru Nishida, Nancy Potischman, Jacob Seidell, Magdalena Stepien, Youfa Wang, Klaas Westerterp, Pattanee Winichagoon, Martin Wiseman, Walter C. Willett, On behalf of the IARC working group on Energy Balance and Obesity |
Abstract |
The aim of this paper is to review the evidence of the association between energy balance and obesity. In December 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France convened a Working Group of international experts to review the evidence regarding energy balance and obesity, with a focus on Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC). The global epidemic of obesity and the double burden, in LMICs, of malnutrition (coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition) are both related to poor quality diet and unbalanced energy intake. Dietary patterns consistent with a traditional Mediterranean diet and other measures of diet quality can contribute to long-term weight control. Limiting consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has a particularly important role in weight control. Genetic factors alone cannot explain the global epidemic of obesity. However, genetic, epigenetic factors and the microbiota could influence individual responses to diet and physical activity. Energy intake that exceeds energy expenditure is the main driver of weight gain. The quality of the diet may exert its effect on energy balance through complex hormonal and neurological pathways that influence satiety and possibly through other mechanisms. The food environment, marketing of unhealthy foods and urbanization, and reduction in sedentary behaviors and physical activity play important roles. Most of the evidence comes from High Income Countries and more research is needed in LMICs. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Spain | 24 | 18% |
United Kingdom | 18 | 13% |
Mexico | 12 | 9% |
United States | 10 | 7% |
Indonesia | 3 | 2% |
Canada | 3 | 2% |
Chile | 2 | 1% |
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 2 | 1% |
Australia | 2 | 1% |
Other | 13 | 10% |
Unknown | 46 | 34% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 91 | 67% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 29 | 21% |
Scientists | 14 | 10% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | <1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Mexico | 1 | <1% |
Colombia | 1 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 1273 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 207 | 16% |
Student > Master | 201 | 16% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 142 | 11% |
Researcher | 72 | 6% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 49 | 4% |
Other | 156 | 12% |
Unknown | 449 | 35% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Nursing and Health Professions | 177 | 14% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 174 | 14% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 96 | 8% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 84 | 7% |
Sports and Recreations | 55 | 4% |
Other | 193 | 15% |
Unknown | 497 | 39% |