Title |
Emerging Causes of Arbovirus Encephalitis in North America: Powassan, Chikungunya, and Zika Viruses
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Published in |
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, February 2017
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DOI | 10.1007/s11910-017-0724-3 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Christopher T. Doughty, Sigal Yawetz, Jennifer Lyons |
Abstract |
Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes, ticks, or other arthropods. Arboviruses are a common and an increasing cause of human illness in North America. Powassan virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus are arboviruses that have all recently emerged as increasing causes of neurologic illness. Powassan virus almost exclusively causes encephalitis, but cases are rare, sporadic, and restricted to portions of North America and Russia. Chikungunya virus has spread widely across the world, causing millions of infections. Encephalitis is a rare manifestation of illness but is more common and severe in neonates and older adults. Zika virus has recently spread through much of the Americas and has been associated mostly with microcephaly and other congenital neurologic complications. Encephalitis occurring in infected adults has also been recently reported. This review will discuss the neuropathogenesis of these viruses, their transmission and geographic distribution, the spectrum of their neurologic manifestations, and the appropriate method of diagnosis. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 5 | 29% |
Unknown | 12 | 71% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 14 | 82% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 2 | 12% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 6% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 116 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Master | 21 | 18% |
Researcher | 19 | 16% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 13 | 11% |
Student > Bachelor | 12 | 10% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 9 | 8% |
Other | 24 | 20% |
Unknown | 21 | 18% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 33 | 28% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 21 | 18% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 10 | 8% |
Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 5 | 4% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 5 | 4% |
Other | 21 | 18% |
Unknown | 24 | 20% |