Molecular Simulation of Receptor Occupancy and Tumor Penetration of an Antibody and Smaller Scaffolds: Application to Molecular Imaging

Kelly D. Orcutt, Gregory P. Adams, Anna M. Wu, Matthew D. Silva, Catey Harwell, Jack Hoppin, Manabu Matsumura, Masakatsu Kotsuma, Jonathan Greenberg, Andrew M. Scott, Robert A. Beckman

Competitive radiolabeled antibody imaging can determine the unlabeled intact antibody dose that fully blocks target binding but may be confounded by heterogeneous tumor penetration. We evaluated the hypothesis that smaller radiolabeled constructs can be used to more accurately evaluate tumor expressed receptors. The Krogh cylinder distributed model, including bivalent binding and variable intervessel distances, simulated distribution of smaller constructs in the presence of increasing doses of labeled antibody forms. Smaller constructs <25 kDa accessed binding sites more uniformly at large distances from blood vessels compared with larger constructs and intact antibody. These observations were consistent for different affinity and internalization characteristics of constructs. As predicted, a higher dose of unlabeled intact antibody was required to block binding to these distant receptor sites. Small radiolabeled constructs provide more accurate information on total receptor expression in tumors and reveal the need for higher antibody doses for target receptor blockade.