| Title |
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Clinical Pharmacokinetics, February 2017
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s40262-017-0513-9 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Patrick C. Dolder, Yasmin Schmid, Andrea E. Steuer, Thomas Kraemer, Katharina M. Rentsch, Felix Hammann, Matthias E. Liechti |
| Abstract |
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is used recreationally and in clinical research. The aim of the present study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics and exposure-response relationship of oral LSD. We analyzed pharmacokinetic data from two published placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over studies using oral administration of LSD 100 and 200 µg in 24 and 16 subjects, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of the 100-µg dose is shown for the first time and data for the 200-µg dose were reanalyzed and included. Plasma concentrations of LSD, subjective effects, and vital signs were repeatedly assessed. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using compartmental modeling. Concentration-effect relationships were described using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling. Geometric mean (95% confidence interval) maximum plasma concentration values of 1.3 (1.2-1.9) and 3.1 (2.6-4.0) ng/mL were reached 1.4 and 1.5 h after administration of 100 and 200 µg LSD, respectively. The plasma half-life was 2.6 h (2.2-3.4 h). The subjective effects lasted (mean ± standard deviation) 8.2 ± 2.1 and 11.6 ± 1.7 h for the 100- and 200-µg LSD doses, respectively. Subjective peak effects were reached 2.8 and 2.5 h after administration of LSD 100 and 200 µg, respectively. A close relationship was observed between the LSD concentration and subjective response within subjects, with moderate counterclockwise hysteresis. Half-maximal effective concentration values were in the range of 1 ng/mL. No correlations were found between plasma LSD concentrations and the effects of LSD across subjects at or near maximum plasma concentration and within dose groups. The present pharmacokinetic data are important for the evaluation of clinical study findings (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging studies) and the interpretation of LSD intoxication. Oral LSD presented dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and first-order elimination up to 12 h. The effects of LSD were related to changes in plasma concentrations over time, with no evidence of acute tolerance. NCT02308969, NCT01878942. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 5 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 2 | 40% |
| France | 1 | 20% |
| Canada | 1 | 20% |
| Hungary | 1 | 20% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 5 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 282 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 282 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Bachelor | 51 | 18% |
| Student > Master | 28 | 10% |
| Researcher | 19 | 7% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 15 | 5% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 14 | 5% |
| Other | 22 | 8% |
| Unknown | 133 | 47% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 31 | 11% |
| Psychology | 25 | 9% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 25 | 9% |
| Neuroscience | 22 | 8% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 16 | 6% |
| Other | 26 | 9% |
| Unknown | 137 | 49% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 21. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 08 August 2023.
All research outputs
#1,770,618
of 25,746,891 outputs
Outputs from Clinical Pharmacokinetics
#56
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Outputs of similar age
#37,518
of 435,997 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Clinical Pharmacokinetics
#3
of 32 outputs
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So far Altmetric has tracked 1,614 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 6.2. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 96% of its peers.
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