Title |
Tipping Elements in the Arctic Marine Ecosystem
|
---|---|
Published in |
Ambio, January 2012
|
DOI | 10.1007/s13280-011-0224-7 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Carlos M. Duarte, Susana Agustí, Paul Wassmann, Jesús M. Arrieta, Miquel Alcaraz, Alexandra Coello, Núria Marbà, Iris E. Hendriks, Johnna Holding, Iñigo García-Zarandona, Emma Kritzberg, Dolors Vaqué |
Abstract |
The Arctic marine ecosystem contains multiple elements that present alternative states. The most obvious of which is an Arctic Ocean largely covered by an ice sheet in summer versus one largely devoid of such cover. Ecosystems under pressure typically shift between such alternative states in an abrupt, rather than smooth manner, with the level of forcing required for shifting this status termed threshold or tipping point. Loss of Arctic ice due to anthropogenic climate change is accelerating, with the extent of Arctic sea ice displaying increased variance at present, a leading indicator of the proximity of a possible tipping point. Reduced ice extent is expected, in turn, to trigger a number of additional tipping elements, physical, chemical, and biological, in motion, with potentially large impacts on the Arctic marine ecosystem. |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Canada | 3 | 1% |
Spain | 2 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Norway | 1 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Trinidad and Tobago | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Poland | 1 | <1% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 223 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 56 | 24% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 53 | 23% |
Student > Master | 35 | 15% |
Student > Bachelor | 18 | 8% |
Professor | 12 | 5% |
Other | 29 | 12% |
Unknown | 32 | 14% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 68 | 29% |
Environmental Science | 63 | 27% |
Earth and Planetary Sciences | 32 | 14% |
Social Sciences | 8 | 3% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 6 | 3% |
Other | 20 | 9% |
Unknown | 38 | 16% |