| Title |
Sources, mechanisms, and fate of steroid estrogens in wastewater treatment plants: a mini review
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, March 2017
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s10661-017-5890-x |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Yien Fang Ting, Sarva Mangala Praveena |
| Abstract |
Steroid estrogens, such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), are natural and synthetic hormones released into the environment through incomplete sewage discharge. This review focuses on the sources of steroid estrogens in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The mechanisms and fate of steroid estrogens throughout the entire wastewater treatment system are also discussed, and relevant information on regulatory aspects is given. Municipal, pharmaceutical industry, and hospitals are the main sources of steroid estrogens that enter WWTPs. A typical WWTP comprises primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment units. Sorption and biodegradation are the main mechanisms for removal of steroid estrogens from WWTPs. The fate of steroid estrogens in WWTPs depends on the types of wastewater treatment systems. Steroid estrogens in the primary treatment unit are removed by sorption onto primary sludge, followed by sorption onto micro-flocs and biodegradation by microbes in the secondary treatment unit. Tertiary treatment employs nitrification, chlorination, or UV disinfection to improve the quality of the secondary effluent. Activated sludge treatment systems for steroid estrogens exhibit a removal efficiency of up to 100%, which is higher than that of the trickling filter treatment system (up to 75%). Moreover, the removal efficiency of advance treatment systems exceeds 90%. Regulatory aspects related to steroid estrogens are established, especially in the European Union. Japan is the only Asian country that implements a screening program and is actively involved in endocrine disruptor testing and assessment. This review improves our understanding of steroid estrogens in WWTPs, proposes main areas to be improved, and provides current knowledge on steroid estrogens in WWTPs for sustainable development. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 2 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Malaysia | 1 | 50% |
| Unknown | 1 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 1 | 50% |
| Scientists | 1 | 50% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 198 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Malaysia | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 197 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Master | 32 | 16% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 28 | 14% |
| Student > Bachelor | 21 | 11% |
| Researcher | 18 | 9% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 8 | 4% |
| Other | 16 | 8% |
| Unknown | 75 | 38% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental Science | 31 | 16% |
| Engineering | 15 | 8% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 13 | 7% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 11 | 6% |
| Chemical Engineering | 7 | 4% |
| Other | 34 | 17% |
| Unknown | 87 | 44% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 24 November 2022.
All research outputs
#16,143,186
of 25,515,042 outputs
Outputs from Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
#1,468
of 3,086 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#185,523
of 323,221 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
#23
of 51 outputs
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So far Altmetric has tracked 3,086 research outputs from this source. They receive a mean Attention Score of 3.9. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 50% of its peers.
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We're also able to compare this research output to 51 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 54% of its contemporaries.