| Title |
Lisbon Emoji and Emoticon Database (LEED): Norms for emoji and emoticons in seven evaluative dimensions
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Behavior Research Methods, March 2017
|
| DOI | 10.3758/s13428-017-0878-6 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
David Rodrigues, Marília Prada, Rui Gaspar, Margarida V. Garrido, Diniz Lopes |
| Abstract |
The use of emoticons and emoji is increasingly popular across a variety of new platforms of online communication. They have also become popular as stimulus materials in scientific research. However, the assumption that emoji/emoticon users' interpretations always correspond to the developers'/researchers' intended meanings might be misleading. This article presents subjective norms of emoji and emoticons provided by everyday users. The Lisbon Emoji and Emoticon Database (LEED) comprises 238 stimuli: 85 emoticons and 153 emoji (collected from iOS, Android, Facebook, and Emojipedia). The sample included 505 Portuguese participants recruited online. Each participant evaluated a random subset of 20 stimuli for seven dimensions: aesthetic appeal, familiarity, visual complexity, concreteness, valence, arousal, and meaningfulness. Participants were additionally asked to attribute a meaning to each stimulus. The norms obtained include quantitative descriptive results (means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals) and a meaning analysis for each stimulus. We also examined the correlations between the dimensions and tested for differences between emoticons and emoji, as well as between the two major operating systems-Android and iOS. The LEED constitutes a readily available normative database (available at www.osf.io/nua4x ) with potential applications to different research domains. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 32 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 4 | 13% |
| United Kingdom | 3 | 9% |
| Japan | 3 | 9% |
| Germany | 2 | 6% |
| India | 1 | 3% |
| Argentina | 1 | 3% |
| Italy | 1 | 3% |
| Netherlands | 1 | 3% |
| Portugal | 1 | 3% |
| Other | 4 | 13% |
| Unknown | 11 | 34% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 21 | 66% |
| Scientists | 7 | 22% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 2 | 6% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 6% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 271 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Portugal | 1 | <1% |
| Czechia | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 269 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Master | 44 | 16% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 43 | 16% |
| Researcher | 31 | 11% |
| Student > Bachelor | 29 | 11% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 12 | 4% |
| Other | 34 | 13% |
| Unknown | 78 | 29% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Psychology | 51 | 19% |
| Computer Science | 23 | 8% |
| Linguistics | 17 | 6% |
| Social Sciences | 17 | 6% |
| Arts and Humanities | 17 | 6% |
| Other | 50 | 18% |
| Unknown | 96 | 35% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 73. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 22 September 2021.
All research outputs
#585,724
of 25,446,666 outputs
Outputs from Behavior Research Methods
#37
of 2,536 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#12,143
of 324,085 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Behavior Research Methods
#2
of 45 outputs
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