| Title |
Do Cadmium, Lead, and Aluminum in Drinking Water Increase the Risk of Hip Fractures? A NOREPOS Study
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Biological Trace Element Research, November 2013
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s12011-013-9862-x |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Cecilie Dahl, Anne Johanne Søgaard, Grethe S. Tell, Trond Peder Flaten, Dag Hongve, Tone Kristin Omsland, Kristin Holvik, Haakon E. Meyer, Geir Aamodt, On behalf of the Norwegian Epidemiologic Osteoporosis Study (NOREPOS) Core Research Group |
| Abstract |
The aim of this study was to investigate relations between cadmium, lead, and aluminum in municipality drinking water and the incidence of hip fractures in the Norwegian population. A trace metals survey in 566 waterworks was linked geographically to hip fractures from hospitals throughout the country (1994-2000). In all those supplied from these waterworks, 5,438 men and 13,629 women aged 50-85 years suffered a hip fracture. Poisson regression models were fitted, adjusting for age, region of residence, urbanization, and type of water source as well as other possibly bone-related water quality factors. Effect modification by background variables and interactions between water quality factors were examined (correcting for false discovery rate). Men exposed to a relatively high concentration of cadmium (IRR = 1.10; 95 % CI 1.01, 1.20) had an increased risk of fracture. The association between relatively high lead and hip fracture risk was significant in the oldest age group (66-85 years) for both men (IRR = 1.11; 95 % CI 1.02, 1.21) and women (IRR = 1.10; 95 % CI 1.04, 1.16). Effect modification by degree of urbanization on hip fracture risk in men was also found for all three metals: cadmium, lead, and aluminum. In summary, a relatively high concentration of cadmium, lead, and aluminum measured in drinking water increased the risk of hip fractures, but the associations depended on gender, age, and urbanization degree. This study could help in elucidating the complex effects on bone health by risk factors found in the environment. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profile of 1 X user who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 36 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Sri Lanka | 1 | 3% |
| Unknown | 35 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Researcher | 7 | 19% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 5 | 14% |
| Student > Master | 3 | 8% |
| Student > Bachelor | 2 | 6% |
| Librarian | 1 | 3% |
| Other | 7 | 19% |
| Unknown | 11 | 31% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Nursing and Health Professions | 4 | 11% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 4 | 11% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 3 | 8% |
| Engineering | 3 | 8% |
| Environmental Science | 3 | 8% |
| Other | 5 | 14% |
| Unknown | 14 | 39% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 1. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 03 December 2013.
All research outputs
#15,286,644
of 22,733,113 outputs
Outputs from Biological Trace Element Research
#1,069
of 2,018 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#192,659
of 306,996 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Biological Trace Element Research
#26
of 35 outputs
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