Umweltmedizinische Relevanz von luftgetragenen Mikroorganismen im Außen- und Innenbereich

Sandra M. Walser, Bernhard Brenner, Stefanie Heinze, Regine Szewzyk, Eike Wolter, Caroline E. W. Herr

Airborne microorganisms occur ubiquitously in the ambient air. Besides allergic and irritative-toxic effects, they can cause infections after inhalation. Occupational studies have shown that an increased incidence of respiratory diseases is found in adequately exposed workers. In addition to respiratory diseases, severe systemic infections can also occur in particular cases, such as in the case of a hantavirus infection that is recognized as an occupational disease. In studies from environmental medicine, respiratory diseases have also been observed in residents living in the vicinity of livestock facilities and evaporative cooling towers. In the latter case, an infection risk may be caused by inhalation of legionella-contaminated aerosol from the exhaust air of such systems.Currently, there are no health-related exposure limits for airborne microorganisms released from such facilities. Environmental risk assessment can be carried out on the basis of the guideline VDI 4250 part 1, which relies on an excess of natural background concentration by facility-specific emissions. For the approval practice, the LAI-Leitfaden Bioaerosole is a uniform, standardized method for the determination and assessment of bioaerosol exposure.In indoor spaces, only a few mold types, such as Aspergillus fumigatus are able to trigger infections by local or systemic infection of the human organism. In particular, persons with an immune deficiency or allergies must be informed about the risks of mold exposure in indoor air. In general, mold growth in indoor spaces is a hygienic problem and must not be accepted as a matter of principle.