Title |
Where did bone come from?
|
---|---|
Published in |
Acta Orthopaedica, June 2011
|
DOI | 10.3109/17453674.2011.588861 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Darja Obradovic Wagner, Per Aspenberg |
Abstract |
Bone is specific to vertebrates, and originated as mineralization around the basal membrane of the throat or skin, giving rise to tooth-like structures and protective shields in animals with a soft cartilage-like endoskeleton. A combination of fossil anatomy and genetic information from modern species has improved our understanding of the evolution of bone. Thus, even in man, there are still similarities in the molecular regulation of skin appendages and bone. This article gives a brief overview of the major milestones in skeletal evolution. Some molecular machineries involving members of core genetic networks and their interactions are described in the context of both old theories and modern genetic approaches. |
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Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Canada | 2 | 18% |
United Kingdom | 2 | 18% |
Malaysia | 1 | 9% |
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of | 1 | 9% |
Unknown | 5 | 45% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 8 | 73% |
Scientists | 2 | 18% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 9% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
United States | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Singapore | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 111 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 18 | 16% |
Student > Master | 16 | 14% |
Researcher | 15 | 13% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 15 | 13% |
Professor > Associate Professor | 8 | 7% |
Other | 25 | 22% |
Unknown | 18 | 16% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 35 | 30% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 15 | 13% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 14 | 12% |
Engineering | 5 | 4% |
Computer Science | 3 | 3% |
Other | 19 | 17% |
Unknown | 24 | 21% |