| Title |
Intranasal Insulin as a Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Basic Research and Clinical Evidence
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
CNS Drugs, May 2013
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s40263-013-0076-8 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Jessica Freiherr, Manfred Hallschmid, William H. Frey, Yvonne F. Brünner, Colin D. Chapman, Christian Hölscher, Suzanne Craft, Fernanda G. De Felice, Christian Benedict |
| Abstract |
Research in animals and humans has associated Alzheimer's disease (AD) with decreased cerebrospinal fluid levels of insulin in combination with decreased insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance) in the brain. This phenomenon is accompanied by attenuated receptor expression of insulin and insulin-like growth factor, enhanced serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1, and impaired transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, clinical trials have demonstrated that intranasal insulin improves both memory performance and metabolic integrity of the brain in patients suffering from AD or its prodrome, mild cognitive impairment. These results, in conjunction with the finding that insulin mitigates hippocampal synapse vulnerability to beta amyloid, a peptide thought to be causative in the development of AD, provide a strong rationale for hypothesizing that pharmacological strategies bolstering brain insulin signaling, such as intranasal administration of insulin, could have significant potential in the treatment and prevention of AD. With this view in mind, the review at hand will present molecular mechanisms potentially underlying the memory-enhancing and neuroprotective effects of intranasal insulin. Then, we will discuss the results of intranasal insulin studies that have demonstrated that enhancing brain insulin signaling improves memory and learning processes in both cognitively healthy and impaired humans. Finally, we will provide an overview of neuroimaging studies indicating that disturbances in insulin metabolism--such as insulin resistance in obesity, type 2 diabetes and AD--and altered brain responses to insulin are linked to decreased cerebral volume and especially to hippocampal atrophy. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 19 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | 5 | 26% |
| United States | 2 | 11% |
| Sweden | 1 | 5% |
| Australia | 1 | 5% |
| Spain | 1 | 5% |
| France | 1 | 5% |
| Malaysia | 1 | 5% |
| Unknown | 7 | 37% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 15 | 79% |
| Scientists | 3 | 16% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 5% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 490 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 3 | <1% |
| Germany | 2 | <1% |
| Indonesia | 1 | <1% |
| Brazil | 1 | <1% |
| Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
| United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
| India | 1 | <1% |
| Denmark | 1 | <1% |
| Argentina | 1 | <1% |
| Other | 0 | 0% |
| Unknown | 478 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 93 | 19% |
| Researcher | 69 | 14% |
| Student > Master | 61 | 12% |
| Student > Bachelor | 54 | 11% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 32 | 7% |
| Other | 82 | 17% |
| Unknown | 99 | 20% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 84 | 17% |
| Neuroscience | 64 | 13% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 60 | 12% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 39 | 8% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 37 | 8% |
| Other | 83 | 17% |
| Unknown | 123 | 25% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 18. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 19 March 2024.
All research outputs
#2,043,119
of 25,608,265 outputs
Outputs from CNS Drugs
#141
of 1,395 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#16,877
of 208,302 outputs
Outputs of similar age from CNS Drugs
#3
of 24 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,608,265 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 92nd percentile: it's in the top 10% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 1,395 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 11.7. This one has done well, scoring higher than 89% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 208,302 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 91% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 24 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 91% of its contemporaries.