ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Renal Transplant Dysfunction

Panel on Urologic Imaging:, Myles T. Taffel, Paul Nikolaidis, Michael D. Beland, M. Donald Blaufox, Vikram S. Dogra, Stanley Goldfarb, John L. Gore, Howard J. Harvin, Marta E. Heilbrun, Matthew T. Heller, Gaurav Khatri, Glenn M. Preminger, Andrei S. Purysko, Andrew D. Smith, Zhen J. Wang, Robert M. Weinfeld, Jade J. Wong-You-Cheong, Erick M. Remer, Mark E. Lockhart

Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice in patients with end-stage renal disease because the 5-year survival rates range from 72% to 99%. Although graft survival has improved secondary to the introduction of newer immunosuppression drugs and the advancements in surgical technique, various complications still occur. Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality for the evaluation of renal transplants in the immediate postoperative period and for long-term follow-up. In addition to depicting many of the potential complications of renal transplantation, ultrasound can also guide therapeutic interventions. Nuclear medicine studies, CT, and MRI are often helpful as complementary examinations for specific indications. Angiography remains the reference standard for vascular complications and is utilized to guide nonsurgical intervention. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer-reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.