Title |
Ancient Aqueous Environments at Endeavour Crater, Mars
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Published in |
Science, January 2014
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DOI | 10.1126/science.1248097 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
R. E. Arvidson, S. W. Squyres, J. F. Bell, J. G. Catalano, B. C. Clark, L. S. Crumpler, P. A. de Souza, A. G. Fairén, W. H. Farrand, V. K. Fox, R. Gellert, A. Ghosh, M. P. Golombek, J. P. Grotzinger, E. A. Guinness, K. E. Herkenhoff, B. L. Jolliff, A. H. Knoll, R. Li, S. M. McLennan, D. W. Ming, D. W. Mittlefehldt, J. M. Moore, R. V. Morris, S. L. Murchie, T. J. Parker, G. Paulsen, J. W. Rice, S. W. Ruff, M. D. Smith, M. J. Wolff |
Abstract |
Opportunity has investigated in detail rocks on the rim of the Noachian age Endeavour crater, where orbital spectral reflectance signatures indicate the presence of Fe(+3)-rich smectites. The signatures are associated with fine-grained, layered rocks containing spherules of diagenetic or impact origin. The layered rocks are overlain by breccias, and both units are cut by calcium sulfate veins precipitated from fluids that circulated after the Endeavour impact. Compositional data for fractures in the layered rocks suggest formation of Al-rich smectites by aqueous leaching. Evidence is thus preserved for water-rock interactions before and after the impact, with aqueous environments of slightly acidic to circum-neutral pH that would have been more favorable for prebiotic chemistry and microorganisms than those recorded by younger sulfate-rich rocks at Meridiani Planum. |
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Australia | 2 | 14% |
United Kingdom | 2 | 14% |
New Zealand | 1 | 7% |
United States | 1 | 7% |
Malaysia | 1 | 7% |
Norway | 1 | 7% |
Unknown | 6 | 43% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 11 | 79% |
Scientists | 2 | 14% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 7% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 3 | 1% |
Canada | 2 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Mexico | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Puerto Rico | 1 | <1% |
China | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 198 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 63 | 30% |
Researcher | 34 | 16% |
Student > Master | 20 | 10% |
Student > Bachelor | 15 | 7% |
Professor > Associate Professor | 14 | 7% |
Other | 37 | 18% |
Unknown | 25 | 12% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Earth and Planetary Sciences | 103 | 50% |
Physics and Astronomy | 25 | 12% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 11 | 5% |
Chemistry | 11 | 5% |
Engineering | 9 | 4% |
Other | 20 | 10% |
Unknown | 29 | 14% |