Discovery of a selective inhibitor of oncogenic B-Raf kinase with potent antimelanoma activity

James Tsai, John T. Lee, Weiru Wang, Jiazhong Zhang, Hanna Cho, Shumeye Mamo, Ryan Bremer, Sam Gillette, Jun Kong, Nikolas K. Haass, Katrin Sproesser, Ling Li, Keiran S. M. Smalley, Daniel Fong, Yong-Liang Zhu, Adhirai Marimuthu, Hoa Nguyen, Billy Lam, Jennifer Liu, Ivana Cheung, Julie Rice, Yoshihisa Suzuki, Catherine Luu, Calvin Settachatgul, Rafe Shellooe, John Cantwell, Sung-Hou Kim, Joseph Schlessinger, Kam Y. J. Zhang, Brian L. West, Ben Powell, Gaston Habets, Chao Zhang, Prabha N. Ibrahim, Peter Hirth, Dean R. Artis, Meenhard Herlyn, Gideon Bollag

BRAF(V600E) is the most frequent oncogenic protein kinase mutation known. Furthermore, inhibitors targeting "active" protein kinases have demonstrated significant utility in the therapeutic repertoire against cancer. Therefore, we pursued the development of specific kinase inhibitors targeting B-Raf, and the V600E allele in particular. By using a structure-guided discovery approach, a potent and selective inhibitor of active B-Raf has been discovered. PLX4720, a 7-azaindole derivative that inhibits B-Raf(V600E) with an IC(50) of 13 nM, defines a class of kinase inhibitor with marked selectivity in both biochemical and cellular assays. PLX4720 preferentially inhibits the active B-Raf(V600E) kinase compared with a broad spectrum of other kinases, and potent cytotoxic effects are also exclusive to cells bearing the V600E allele. Consistent with the high degree of selectivity, ERK phosphorylation is potently inhibited by PLX4720 in B-Raf(V600E)-bearing tumor cell lines but not in cells lacking oncogenic B-Raf. In melanoma models, PLX4720 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis exclusively in B-Raf(V600E)-positive cells. In B-Raf(V600E)-dependent tumor xenograft models, orally dosed PLX4720 causes significant tumor growth delays, including tumor regressions, without evidence of toxicity. The work described here represents the entire discovery process, from initial identification through structural and biological studies in animal models to a promising therapeutic for testing in cancer patients bearing B-Raf(V600E)-driven tumors.