Title |
Neurologic and Psychiatric Manifestations of Celiac Disease and Gluten Sensitivity
|
---|---|
Published in |
Psychiatric Quarterly, August 2011
|
DOI | 10.1007/s11126-011-9186-y |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Jessica R. Jackson, William W. Eaton, Nicola G. Cascella, Alessio Fasano, Deanna L. Kelly |
Abstract |
Celiac Disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disease dependent on gluten (a protein present in wheat, rye or barley) that occurs in about 1% of the population and is generally characterized by gastrointestinal complaints. More recently the understanding and knowledge of gluten sensitivity (GS), has emerged as an illness distinct from celiac disease with an estimated prevalence 6 times that of CD. Gluten sensitive people do not have villous atrophy or antibodies that are present in celiac disease, but rather they can test positive for antibodies to gliadin. Both CD and GS may present with a variety of neurologic and psychiatric co-morbidities, however, extraintestinal symptoms may be the prime presentation in those with GS. However, gluten sensitivity remains undertreated and underrecognized as a contributing factor to psychiatric and neurologic manifestations. This review focuses on neurologic and psychiatric manifestations implicated with gluten sensitivity, reviews the emergence of gluten sensitivity distinct from celiac disease, and summarizes the potential mechanisms related to this immune reaction. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 39 | 26% |
Canada | 12 | 8% |
United Kingdom | 6 | 4% |
Spain | 5 | 3% |
Australia | 5 | 3% |
India | 4 | 3% |
New Zealand | 3 | 2% |
Norway | 2 | 1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Other | 8 | 5% |
Unknown | 64 | 43% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 114 | 77% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 23 | 15% |
Scientists | 6 | 4% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 4 | 3% |
Unknown | 2 | 1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 5 | 1% |
Brazil | 2 | <1% |
Australia | 2 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Mexico | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Other | 0 | 0% |
Unknown | 466 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Bachelor | 144 | 30% |
Student > Master | 67 | 14% |
Researcher | 50 | 10% |
Other | 42 | 9% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 32 | 7% |
Other | 88 | 18% |
Unknown | 58 | 12% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Medicine and Dentistry | 239 | 50% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 42 | 9% |
Nursing and Health Professions | 39 | 8% |
Psychology | 23 | 5% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 17 | 4% |
Other | 50 | 10% |
Unknown | 71 | 15% |