Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun: Defusing certain disaster

George W. Kling, William C. Evans, Greg Tanyileke, Minoru Kusakabe, Takeshi Ohba, Yutaka Yoshida, Joseph V. Hell

Since the catastrophic releases of CO(2) in the 1980s, Lakes Nyos and Monoun in Cameroon experienced CO(2) recharge at alarming rates of up to 80 mol/m(2) per yr. Total gas pressures reached 8.3 and 15.6 bar in Monoun (2003) and Nyos (2001), respectively, resulting in gas saturation levels up to 97%. These natural hazards are distinguished by the potential for mitigation to prevent future disasters. Controlled degassing was initiated at Nyos (2001) and Monoun (2003) amid speculation it could inadvertently destabilize the lakes and trigger another gas burst. Our measurements indicate that water column structure has not been compromised by the degassing and local stability is increasing in the zones of degassing. Furthermore, gas content has been reduced in the lakes approximately 12-14%. However, as gas is removed, the pressure at pipe inlets is reduced, and the removal rate will decrease over time. Based on 12 years of limnological measurements we developed a model of future removal rates and gas inventory, which predicts that in Monoun the current pipe will remove approximately 30% of the gas remaining before the natural gas recharge balances the removal rate. In Nyos the single pipe will remove approximately 25% of the gas remaining by 2015; this slow removal extends the present risk to local populations. More pipes and continued vigilance are required to reduce the risk of repeat disasters. Our model indicates that 75-99% of the gas remaining would be removed by 2010 with two pipes in Monoun and five pipes in Nyos, substantially reducing the risks.