| Title |
GC-MS and LC-(high-resolution)-MSn studies on the metabolic fate and detectability of camfetamine in rat urine
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry, May 2014
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s00216-014-7796-6 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Jessica Welter, Pierce Kavanagh, Hans H. Maurer |
| Abstract |
Camfetamine (N-methyl-3-phenyl-norbornan-2-amine; CFA) belongs as amphetamine-type stimulant to the so-called new psychoactive substances. CFA is an analogue of fencamfamine, an appetite suppressant developed in the 1960s. The described effects of CFA are slight stimulation and increased vigilance and the side effects are tachycardia, paranoia, and sleeplessness. The aims of the presented work were to study the metabolic fate and the detectability of CFA in urine and to elucidate which cytochrome-P450 (CYP) isoenzymes are involved in the main metabolic steps. For metabolism studies, rat urine samples were isolated by solid-phase extraction without and after enzymatic cleavage of conjugates. The phase I metabolites were separated and identified after/without acetylation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or liquid chromatography-high resolution-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS(n)), respectively, and the phase II metabolites by LC-HR-MS(n). From the identified metabolites, the following main metabolic pathways were deduced: N-demethylation, aromatic mono or bis-hydroxylation followed by methylation of one hydroxy group, hydroxylation of the norbornane ring, combination of these steps, and glucuronidation and/or sulfation of the hydroxy metabolites. The N-demethylation was catalyzed by CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, the aromatic hydroxylation by CYP2C19 and CYP2D6, and the aliphatic hydroxylation was catalyzed by CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Finally, the intake of a common user's dose of CFA could be confirmed in rat urine using the authors' GC-MS and the LC-MS(n) standard urine screening approaches via CFA and several metabolites, with the hydroxy-aryl CFA and the corresponding glucuronide being the most abundant. |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 11 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 11 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 3 | 27% |
| Student > Master | 2 | 18% |
| Lecturer > Senior Lecturer | 1 | 9% |
| Unknown | 5 | 45% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 3 | 27% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 1 | 9% |
| Chemistry | 1 | 9% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 1 | 9% |
| Unknown | 5 | 45% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 18. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 12 August 2014.
All research outputs
#2,054,148
of 25,374,647 outputs
Outputs from Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry
#122
of 9,619 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#20,143
of 241,494 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry
#1
of 82 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,374,647 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 91st percentile: it's in the top 10% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
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