Title |
Common genetic variants associated with cognitive performance identified using the proxy-phenotype method
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Published in |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, September 2014
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DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1404623111 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Cornelius A Rietveld, Tõnu Esko, Gail Davies, Tune H Pers, Patrick Turley, Beben Benyamin, Christopher F Chabris, Valur Emilsson, Andrew D Johnson, James J Lee, Christiaan de Leeuw, Riccardo E Marioni, Sarah E Medland, Michael B Miller, Olga Rostapshova, Sven J van der Lee, Anna A E Vinkhuyzen, Najaf Amin, Dalton Conley, Jaime Derringer, Cornelia M van Duijn, Rudolf Fehrmann, Lude Franke, Edward L Glaeser, Narelle K Hansell, Caroline Hayward, William G Iacono, Carla Ibrahim-Verbaas, Vincent Jaddoe, Juha Karjalainen, David Laibson, Paul Lichtenstein, David C Liewald, Patrik K E Magnusson, Nicholas G Martin, Matt McGue, George McMahon, Nancy L Pedersen, Steven Pinker, David J Porteous, Danielle Posthuma, Fernando Rivadeneira, Blair H Smith, John M Starr, Henning Tiemeier, Nicholas J Timpson, Maciej Trzaskowski, André G Uitterlinden, Frank C Verhulst, Mary E Ward, Margaret J Wright, George Davey Smith, Ian J Deary, Magnus Johannesson, Robert Plomin, Peter M Visscher, Daniel J Benjamin, David Cesarini, Philipp D Koellinger |
Abstract |
We identify common genetic variants associated with cognitive performance using a two-stage approach, which we call the proxy-phenotype method. First, we conduct a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in a large sample (n = 106,736), which produces a set of 69 education-associated SNPs. Second, using independent samples (n = 24,189), we measure the association of these education-associated SNPs with cognitive performance. Three SNPs (rs1487441, rs7923609, and rs2721173) are significantly associated with cognitive performance after correction for multiple hypothesis testing. In an independent sample of older Americans (n = 8,652), we also show that a polygenic score derived from the education-associated SNPs is associated with memory and absence of dementia. Convergent evidence from a set of bioinformatics analyses implicates four specific genes (KNCMA1, NRXN1, POU2F3, and SCRT). All of these genes are associated with a particular neurotransmitter pathway involved in synaptic plasticity, the main cellular mechanism for learning and memory. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 25 | 24% |
Australia | 9 | 9% |
United Kingdom | 5 | 5% |
Canada | 3 | 3% |
Sweden | 2 | 2% |
Spain | 2 | 2% |
Côte d'Ivoire | 1 | <1% |
Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
Poland | 1 | <1% |
Other | 4 | 4% |
Unknown | 50 | 49% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 73 | 71% |
Scientists | 23 | 22% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 6 | 6% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | <1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 10 | 2% |
Germany | 5 | 1% |
United Kingdom | 3 | <1% |
Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
Colombia | 1 | <1% |
Sweden | 1 | <1% |
South Africa | 1 | <1% |
Finland | 1 | <1% |
Other | 5 | 1% |
Unknown | 381 | 93% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 79 | 19% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 77 | 19% |
Student > Master | 40 | 10% |
Student > Bachelor | 32 | 8% |
Professor | 29 | 7% |
Other | 97 | 24% |
Unknown | 56 | 14% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 82 | 20% |
Psychology | 68 | 17% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 40 | 10% |
Neuroscience | 31 | 8% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 26 | 6% |
Other | 85 | 21% |
Unknown | 78 | 19% |