During evolution, reproductive hormones and their receptors in the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis have been altered by genetic mechanisms. To understand how neuroendocrine control of reproduction evolved in mammals, it is important to examine marsupials, the closest group to placental mammals. We hypothesized that at least some of the hormones and receptors found in placental mammals would be present in koala, a marsupial. We examined expression of koala mRNA for the reproductive molecules. Koala cDNAs were cloned from brain for gonadotrophin-releasing hormones (GnRH1 and GnRH2) or from pituitary for GnRH receptors, types I and II, follicle stimulating hormone beta (FSHβ), and luteinising hormone beta (LHβ) and from gonads for FSH and LH receptors. Deduced proteins were compared by sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis with those of other vertebrates. In conclusion, the koala expressed mRNA for these eight putative reproductive molecules, whereas at least one of these molecules is missing in some species in the amniote lineage, including human. Also, GnRH1 and 2 are shown by immunohistochemistry to be expressed as proteins in the brain. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.