Title |
Endogenous Viral Elements in Animal Genomes
|
---|---|
Published in |
PLoS Genetics, November 2010
|
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001191 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Aris Katzourakis, Robert J. Gifford |
Abstract |
Integration into the nuclear genome of germ line cells can lead to vertical inheritance of retroviral genes as host alleles. For other viruses, germ line integration has only rarely been documented. Nonetheless, we identified endogenous viral elements (EVEs) derived from ten non-retroviral families by systematic in silico screening of animal genomes, including the first endogenous representatives of double-stranded RNA, reverse-transcribing DNA, and segmented RNA viruses, and the first endogenous DNA viruses in mammalian genomes. Phylogenetic and genomic analysis of EVEs across multiple host species revealed novel information about the origin and evolution of diverse virus groups. Furthermore, several of the elements identified here encode intact open reading frames or are expressed as mRNA. For one element in the primate lineage, we provide statistically robust evidence for exaptation. Our findings establish that genetic material derived from all known viral genome types and replication strategies can enter the animal germ line, greatly broadening the scope of paleovirological studies and indicating a more significant evolutionary role for gene flow from virus to animal genomes than has previously been recognized. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 4 | 13% |
Canada | 2 | 6% |
Spain | 2 | 6% |
Malawi | 1 | 3% |
United Kingdom | 1 | 3% |
Andorra | 1 | 3% |
New Zealand | 1 | 3% |
South Africa | 1 | 3% |
Unknown | 19 | 59% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 24 | 75% |
Scientists | 6 | 19% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 2 | 6% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 12 | 2% |
Brazil | 6 | 1% |
United Kingdom | 5 | <1% |
Italy | 2 | <1% |
France | 2 | <1% |
Japan | 2 | <1% |
Mexico | 2 | <1% |
Israel | 1 | <1% |
India | 1 | <1% |
Other | 8 | 1% |
Unknown | 507 | 93% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 117 | 21% |
Researcher | 101 | 18% |
Student > Bachelor | 77 | 14% |
Student > Master | 66 | 12% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 26 | 5% |
Other | 88 | 16% |
Unknown | 73 | 13% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 253 | 46% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 105 | 19% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 27 | 5% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 21 | 4% |
Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine | 15 | 3% |
Other | 45 | 8% |
Unknown | 82 | 15% |