Title |
Ferrets exclusively synthesize Neu5Ac and express naturally humanized influenza A virus receptors
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Published in |
Nature Communications, December 2014
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DOI | 10.1038/ncomms6750 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Preston S.K. Ng, Raphael Böhm, Lauren E. Hartley-Tassell, Jason A. Steen, Hui Wang, Samuel W. Lukowski, Paula L. Hawthorne, Ann E.O. Trezise, Peter J. Coloe, Sean M. Grimmond, Thomas Haselhorst, Mark von Itzstein, Adrienne W. Paton, James C. Paton, Michael P. Jennings |
Abstract |
Mammals express the sialic acids N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) on cell surfaces, where they act as receptors for pathogens, including influenza A virus (IAV). Neu5Gc is synthesized from Neu5Ac by the enzyme cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH). In humans, this enzyme is inactive and only Neu5Ac is produced. Ferrets are susceptible to human-adapted IAV strains and have been the dominant animal model for IAV studies. Here we show that ferrets, like humans, do not synthesize Neu5Gc. Genomic analysis reveals an ancient, nine-exon deletion in the ferret CMAH gene that is shared by the Pinnipedia and Musteloidia members of the Carnivora. Interactions between two human strains of IAV with the sialyllactose receptor (sialic acid-α2,6Gal) confirm that the type of terminal sialic acid contributes significantly to IAV receptor specificity. Our results indicate that exclusive expression of Neu5Ac contributes to the susceptibility of ferrets to human-adapted IAV strains. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 3 | 43% |
Australia | 2 | 29% |
India | 1 | 14% |
Unknown | 1 | 14% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Scientists | 3 | 43% |
Members of the public | 3 | 43% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 14% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 70 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Researcher | 16 | 23% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 13 | 19% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 7 | 10% |
Student > Bachelor | 6 | 9% |
Professor > Associate Professor | 4 | 6% |
Other | 12 | 17% |
Unknown | 12 | 17% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 14 | 20% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 13 | 19% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 9 | 13% |
Chemistry | 9 | 13% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 4 | 6% |
Other | 7 | 10% |
Unknown | 14 | 20% |