Title |
History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico
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Published in |
PLOS ONE, January 2011
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DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0016513 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Marc Via, Christopher R. Gignoux, Lindsey A. Roth, Laura Fejerman, Joshua Galanter, Shweta Choudhry, Gladys Toro-Labrador, Jorge Viera-Vera, Taras K. Oleksyk, Kenneth Beckman, Elad Ziv, Neil Risch, Esteban González Burchard, Juan Carlos Martínez-Cruzado |
Abstract |
Contemporary genetic variation among Latin Americans human groups reflects population migrations shaped by complex historical, social and economic factors. Consequently, admixture patterns may vary by geographic regions ranging from countries to neighborhoods. We examined the geographic variation of admixture across the island of Puerto Rico and the degree to which it could be explained by historic and social events. We analyzed a census-based sample of 642 Puerto Rican individuals that were genotyped for 93 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) to estimate African, European and Native American ancestry. Socioeconomic status (SES) data and geographic location were obtained for each individual. There was significant geographic variation of ancestry across the island. In particular, African ancestry demonstrated a decreasing East to West gradient that was partially explained by historical factors linked to the colonial sugar plantation system. SES also demonstrated a parallel decreasing cline from East to West. However, at a local level, SES and African ancestry were negatively correlated. European ancestry was strongly negatively correlated with African ancestry and therefore showed patterns complementary to African ancestry. By contrast, Native American ancestry showed little variation across the island and across individuals and appears to have played little social role historically. The observed geographic distributions of SES and genetic variation relate to historical social events and mating patterns, and have substantial implications for the design of studies in the recently admixed Puerto Rican population. More generally, our results demonstrate the importance of incorporating social and geographic data with genetics when studying contemporary admixed populations. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 8 | 25% |
Puerto Rico | 5 | 16% |
Brazil | 1 | 3% |
Chile | 1 | 3% |
Unknown | 17 | 53% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 30 | 94% |
Scientists | 1 | 3% |
Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 3% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 4 | 4% |
Colombia | 2 | 2% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
France | 1 | <1% |
Brazil | 1 | <1% |
Uruguay | 1 | <1% |
Japan | 1 | <1% |
Argentina | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 100 | 89% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Student > Ph. D. Student | 21 | 19% |
Researcher | 18 | 16% |
Student > Master | 14 | 13% |
Professor | 11 | 10% |
Student > Bachelor | 8 | 7% |
Other | 27 | 24% |
Unknown | 13 | 12% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 44 | 39% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 16 | 14% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 9 | 8% |
Social Sciences | 8 | 7% |
Environmental Science | 4 | 4% |
Other | 16 | 14% |
Unknown | 15 | 13% |