Title |
Assessment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in seawaters of North of Portugal: Occurrence and environmental risk
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Published in |
Science of the Total Environment, December 2014
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DOI | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.097 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Aleksandar Lolić, Paula Paíga, Lúcia H.M.L.M. Santos, Sandra Ramos, Manuela Correia, Cristina Delerue-Matos |
Abstract |
The occurrence of seven pharmaceuticals and two metabolites belonging to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics therapeutic classes was studied in seawaters. A total of 101 samples covering fourteen beaches and five cities were evaluated in order to assess the spatial distribution of pharmaceuticals among north Portuguese coast. Seawaters were selected in order to embrace different bathing water quality (excellent, good and sufficient). Acetaminophen, ketoprofen and the metabolite hydroxyibuprofen were detected in all the seawater samples at maximum concentrations of 584, 89.7 and 287ngL(-1), respectively. Carboxyibuprofen had the highest seawater concentration (1227ngL(-1)). The temporal distribution of the selected pharmaceuticals during the bathing season showed that, in general, higher concentrations were detected in August and September. The environmental risk posed by the pharmaceuticals detected in seawaters towards different trophic levels (fish, daphnids and algae) was also assessed. Only diclofenac showed hazard quotients above one for fish, representing a potential risk for aquatic organisms. These results were observed in seawaters classified as excellent bathing water. Additional data is needed in order to support the identification and prioritization of risks posed by pharmaceuticals in marine environment. |
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Geographical breakdown
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United Kingdom | 2 | <1% |
Spain | 1 | <1% |
Germany | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 284 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Researcher | 45 | 16% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 44 | 15% |
Student > Master | 44 | 15% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 30 | 10% |
Student > Bachelor | 25 | 9% |
Other | 39 | 14% |
Unknown | 61 | 21% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Environmental Science | 61 | 21% |
Chemistry | 45 | 16% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 25 | 9% |
Engineering | 16 | 6% |
Chemical Engineering | 15 | 5% |
Other | 42 | 15% |
Unknown | 84 | 29% |