| Title |
Genetic diversity of three surface protein genes in Plasmodium malariae from three Asian countries
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Malaria Journal, January 2018
|
| DOI | 10.1186/s12936-018-2176-x |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Suttipat Srisutham, Naowarat Saralamba, Kanlaya Sriprawat, Mayfong Mayxay, Frank Smithuis, Francois Nosten, Sasithon Pukrittayakamee, Nicholas P. J. Day, Arjen M. Dondorp, Mallika Imwong |
| Abstract |
Genetic diversity of the three important antigenic proteins, namely thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP), apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), and 6-cysteine protein (P48/45), all of which are found in various developmental stages of Plasmodium parasites is crucial for targeted vaccine development. While studies related to the genetic diversity of these proteins are available for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, barely enough information exists regarding Plasmodium malariae. The present study aims to demonstrate the genetic variations existing among these three genes in P. malariae by analysing their diversity at nucleotide and protein levels. Three surface protein genes were isolated from 45 samples collected in Thailand (N = 33), Myanmar (N = 8), and Lao PDR (N = 4), using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Then, the PCR products were sequenced and analysed using BioEdit, MEGA6, and DnaSP programs. The average pairwise nucleotide diversities (π) of P. malariae trap, ama1, and p48/45 were 0.00169, 0.00413, and 0.00029, respectively. The haplotype diversities (Hd) of P. malariae trap, ama1, and p48/45 were 0.919, 0.946, and 0.130, respectively. Most of the nucleotide substitutions were non-synonymous, which indicated that the genetic variations of these genes were maintained by positive diversifying selection, thus, suggesting their role as a potential target of protective immune response. Amino acid substitutions of P. malariae TRAP, AMA1, and P48/45 could be categorized to 17, 20, and 2 unique amino-acid variants, respectively. For further vaccine development, carboxyl terminal of P48/45 would be a good candidate according to conserved amino acid at low genetic diversity (π = 0.2-0.3). High mutational diversity was observed in P. malariae trap and ama1 as compared to p48/45 in P. malariae samples isolated from Thailand, Myanmar, and Lao PDR. Taken together, these results suggest that P48/45 might be a good vaccine candidate against P. malariae infection because of its sufficiently low genetic diversity and highly conserved amino acids especially on the carboxyl end. |
X Demographics
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Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Japan | 1 | 20% |
| Italy | 1 | 20% |
| Unknown | 3 | 60% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Scientists | 2 | 40% |
| Members of the public | 2 | 40% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 20% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 53 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 53 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Master | 13 | 25% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 9 | 17% |
| Researcher | 8 | 15% |
| Student > Bachelor | 4 | 8% |
| Lecturer | 3 | 6% |
| Other | 7 | 13% |
| Unknown | 9 | 17% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 17 | 32% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 7 | 13% |
| Immunology and Microbiology | 4 | 8% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 4 | 8% |
| Computer Science | 3 | 6% |
| Other | 6 | 11% |
| Unknown | 12 | 23% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 2. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 21 November 2018.
All research outputs
#14,655,993
of 24,580,204 outputs
Outputs from Malaria Journal
#3,614
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#231,706
of 453,305 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Malaria Journal
#71
of 111 outputs
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