| Title |
The blood-brain barrier: Bottleneck in brain drug development
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Neurotherapeutics, January 2005
|
| DOI | 10.1602/neurorx.2.1.3 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
William M. Pardridge |
| Abstract |
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by the brain capillary endothelium and excludes from the brain approximately 100% of large-molecule neurotherapeutics and more than 98% of all small-molecule drugs. Despite the importance of the BBB to the neurotherapeutics mission, the BBB receives insufficient attention in either academic neuroscience or industry programs. The combination of so little effort in developing solutions to the BBB problem, and the minimal BBB transport of the majority of all potential CNS drugs, leads predictably to the present situation in neurotherapeutics, which is that there are few effective treatments for the majority of CNS disorders. This situation can be reversed by an accelerated effort to develop a knowledge base in the fundamental transport properties of the BBB, and the molecular and cellular biology of the brain capillary endothelium. This provides the platform for CNS drug delivery programs, which should be developed in parallel with traditional CNS drug discovery efforts in the molecular neurosciences. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 63 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 13 | 21% |
| Italy | 3 | 5% |
| United Kingdom | 2 | 3% |
| Canada | 1 | 2% |
| Austria | 1 | 2% |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 1 | 2% |
| Spain | 1 | 2% |
| Colombia | 1 | 2% |
| Unknown | 40 | 63% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 57 | 90% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 4 | 6% |
| Scientists | 1 | 2% |
| Unknown | 1 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 2,038 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 10 | <1% |
| Germany | 8 | <1% |
| Canada | 7 | <1% |
| Netherlands | 3 | <1% |
| United Kingdom | 3 | <1% |
| Poland | 3 | <1% |
| India | 3 | <1% |
| Spain | 2 | <1% |
| Brazil | 2 | <1% |
| Other | 16 | <1% |
| Unknown | 1981 | 97% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 444 | 22% |
| Student > Bachelor | 271 | 13% |
| Student > Master | 268 | 13% |
| Researcher | 254 | 12% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 93 | 5% |
| Other | 253 | 12% |
| Unknown | 455 | 22% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 279 | 14% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 217 | 11% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 190 | 9% |
| Chemistry | 186 | 9% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 176 | 9% |
| Other | 471 | 23% |
| Unknown | 519 | 25% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 230. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 02 January 2024.
All research outputs
#167,866
of 25,837,817 outputs
Outputs from Neurotherapeutics
#20
of 1,328 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#211
of 153,898 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Neurotherapeutics
#1
of 14 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,837,817 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 98th percentile: it's in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 1,328 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 18.6. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 97% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 153,898 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 99% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 14 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 92% of its contemporaries.