Chapter title |
Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Breast Cancer
|
---|---|
Chapter number | 10 |
Book title |
Optimizing Breast Cancer Management
|
Published in |
Cancer treatment and research, January 2018
|
DOI | 10.1007/978-3-319-70197-4_10 |
Pubmed ID | |
Book ISBNs |
978-3-31-970195-0, 978-3-31-970197-4
|
Authors |
April Swoboda, Rita Nanda |
Abstract |
An effective antitumor immune response requires interaction between cells of the adaptive and innate immune system. Three key elements are required: generation of activated tumor-directed T cells, infiltration of activated T cells into the tumor microenvironment, and killing of tumor cells by activated T cells. Tumor immune evasion can occur as a result of the disruption of each of these three key T cell activities, resulting in three distinct cancer-immune phenotypes. The immune inflamed phenotype, characterized by the presence of a robust tumor immune infiltrate, suggests impaired activated T cell killing of tumor cells related to the presence of inhibitory factors. Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory transmembrane protein expressed on T cells, B cells, and NK cells. The interaction between PD-1 and its ligands (PD-L1/L2) functions as an immune checkpoint against unrestrained cytotoxic T effector cell activity-it promotes peripheral T effector cell exhaustion and conversion of T effector cells to immunosuppressive T regulatory (Treg) cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, which block the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and reactivate cytotoxic T effector cell function, are actively being investigated for the treatment of breast cancer. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
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Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 107 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Ph. D. Student | 19 | 18% |
Student > Bachelor | 17 | 16% |
Student > Master | 13 | 12% |
Researcher | 9 | 8% |
Student > Doctoral Student | 6 | 6% |
Other | 11 | 10% |
Unknown | 32 | 30% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
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Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 24 | 22% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 18 | 17% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 6 | 6% |
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 4 | 4% |
Engineering | 3 | 3% |
Other | 12 | 11% |
Unknown | 40 | 37% |