| Title |
Biodegradation of the Insecticide N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide by Fungi: Identification and Toxicity of Metabolites
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, February 2005
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s00244-004-0029-9 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
J. Seo, Y.-G. Lee, S.-D. Kim, C.-J. Cha, J.-H. Ahn, H.-G. Hur |
| Abstract |
Fungi (Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 9245, Mucor ramannianus R-56, Aspergillus niger VKMF-1119, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKMF-1767) were tested to elucidate the biologic fate of the topical insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). The elution profile obtained from analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography equipped with a reverse-phase C-18 column, showed that three peaks occurred after incubation of C. elegans, with which 1 mM DEET was combined as a final concentration. The peaks were not detected in the control experiments with either DEET alone or tested fungus alone. The metabolites produced by C. elegans exhibited a molecular mass of 207 with a fragment ion (m/z) at 135, a molecular mass of 179 with an m/z at 135, and a molecular mass of 163 with an m/z at 119, all of which correspond to N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide-N-oxide, N-ethyl-m-toluamide-N-oxide, and N-ethyl-m-toluamide, respectively. M. ramannianus R-56 also produced N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide-N-oxide and N-ethyl-m-toluamide but did not produce N-ethyl-m-toluamide-N-oxide. For the biologic toxicity test with DEET and its metabolites, the freshwater zooplankton Daphnia magna was used. The biologic sensitivity in decreasing order was DEET > N-ethyl-m-toluamide > N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide-N-oxide. Although DEET and its fungal metabolites showed relatively low mortality compared with other insecticides, the toxicity was increased at longer exposure periods. These are the first reports of the metabolism of DEET by fungi and of the biologic toxicity of DEET and its fungal metabolites to the freshwater zooplankton D. magna. |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 58 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Spain | 2 | 3% |
| Korea, Republic of | 1 | 2% |
| Indonesia | 1 | 2% |
| Brazil | 1 | 2% |
| United States | 1 | 2% |
| Unknown | 52 | 90% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Researcher | 12 | 21% |
| Student > Bachelor | 8 | 14% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 7 | 12% |
| Student > Master | 7 | 12% |
| Other | 4 | 7% |
| Other | 10 | 17% |
| Unknown | 10 | 17% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Chemistry | 10 | 17% |
| Environmental Science | 9 | 16% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 9 | 16% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 5 | 9% |
| Engineering | 5 | 9% |
| Other | 9 | 16% |
| Unknown | 11 | 19% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 12. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 01 August 2017.
All research outputs
#2,608,010
of 23,806,312 outputs
Outputs from Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
#82
of 2,093 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#4,312
of 60,340 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
#2
of 11 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 23,806,312 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done well and is in the 88th percentile: it's in the top 25% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 2,093 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a little more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 5.6. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 94% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 60,340 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 91% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 11 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 72% of its contemporaries.