Mutations in the BAF-Complex Subunit DPF2 Are Associated with Coffin-Siris Syndrome

Georgia Vasileiou, Silvia Vergarajauregui, Sabine Endele, Bernt Popp, Christian Büttner, Arif B. Ekici, Marion Gerard, Nuria C. Bramswig, Beate Albrecht, Jill Clayton-Smith, Jenny Morton, Susan Tomkins, Karen Low, Astrid Weber, Maren Wenzel, Janine Altmüller, Yun Li, Bernd Wollnik, George Hoganson, Maria-Renée Plona, Megan T. Cho, Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, Christian T. Thiel, Hermann-Josef Lüdecke, Tim M. Strom, Eduardo Calpena, Andrew O.M. Wilkie, Dagmar Wieczorek, Felix B. Engel, André Reis

Variants affecting the function of different subunits of the BAF chromatin-remodelling complex lead to various neurodevelopmental syndromes, including Coffin-Siris syndrome. Furthermore, variants in proteins containing PHD fingers, motifs recognizing specific histone tail modifications, have been associated with several neurological and developmental-delay disorders. Here, we report eight heterozygous de novo variants (one frameshift, two splice site, and five missense) in the gene encoding the BAF complex subunit double plant homeodomain finger 2 (DPF2). Affected individuals share common clinical features described in individuals with Coffin-Siris syndrome, including coarse facial features, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, speech impairment, and hypoplasia of fingernails and toenails. All variants occur within the highly conserved PHD1 and PHD2 motifs. Moreover, missense variants are situated close to zinc binding sites and are predicted to disrupt these sites. Pull-down assays of recombinant proteins and histone peptides revealed that a subset of the identified missense variants abolish or impaire DPF2 binding to unmodified and modified H3 histone tails. These results suggest an impairment of PHD finger structural integrity and cohesion and most likely an aberrant recognition of histone modifications. Furthermore, the overexpression of these variants in HEK293 and COS7 cell lines was associated with the formation of nuclear aggregates and the recruitment of both wild-type DPF2 and BRG1 to these aggregates. Expression analysis of truncating variants found in the affected individuals indicated that the aberrant transcripts escape nonsense-mediated decay. Altogether, we provide compelling evidence that de novo variants in DPF2 cause Coffin-Siris syndrome and propose a dominant-negative mechanism of pathogenicity.