Title |
Food-borne intestinal trematodiases in humans
|
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Published in |
Parasitology Research, April 2004
|
DOI | 10.1007/s00436-004-1112-x |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Bernard Fried, Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Leena Tamang |
Abstract |
Food-borne trematodiases still remain a public health problem world-wide, despite changes in eating habits, alterations in social and agricultural practices, health education, industrialization, environmental alteration, and broad-spectrum anthelmintics. Food-borne trematodiases usually occur focally, are still persistently endemic in some parts of the world, and are most prevalent in remote rural places among school-age children, low-wage earners, and women of child-bearing age. Intestinal fluke diseases are aggravated by socio-economic factors such as poverty, malnutrition, an explosively growing free-food market, a lack of sufficient food inspection and sanitation, other helminthiases, and declining economic conditions. Control programs implemented for food-borne zoonoses and sustained in endemic areas are not fully successful for intestinal food-borne trematodiases because of centuries-old traditions of eating raw or insufficiently cooked food, widespread zoonotic reservoirs, promiscuous defecation, and the use of "night soil" (human excrement collected from latrines) as fertilizer. This review examines food-borne intestinal trematodiases associated with species in families of the Digenea: Brachylaimidae, Diplostomidae, Echinostomatidae, Fasciolidae, Gastrodiscidae, Gymnophallidae, Heterophyidae, Lecithodendriidae, Microphallidae, Nanophyetidae, Paramphistomatidae, Plagiorchiidae, and Strigeidae. Because most of the implicated species are in the Echinostomatidae and Heterophyidae, emphasis in the review is placed on species in these families. |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Russia | 1 | <1% |
Denmark | 1 | <1% |
Gambia | 1 | <1% |
Unknown | 109 | 96% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 26 | 23% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 20 | 18% |
Student > Master | 16 | 14% |
Student > Bachelor | 12 | 11% |
Student > Postgraduate | 6 | 5% |
Other | 17 | 15% |
Unknown | 16 | 14% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 36 | 32% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 10 | 9% |
Environmental Science | 9 | 8% |
Immunology and Microbiology | 8 | 7% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 5 | 4% |
Other | 23 | 20% |
Unknown | 22 | 19% |