| Title |
Anatomical networks reveal the musculoskeletal modularity of the human head
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Scientific Reports, February 2015
|
| DOI | 10.1038/srep08298 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Borja Esteve-Altava, Rui Diogo, Christopher Smith, Julia C. Boughner, Diego Rasskin-Gutman |
| Abstract |
Mosaic evolution is a key mechanism that promotes robustness and evolvability in living beings. For the human head, to have a modular organization would imply that each phenotypic module could grow and function semi-independently. Delimiting the boundaries of head modules, and even assessing their existence, is essential to understand human evolution. Here we provide the first study of the human head using anatomical network analysis (AnNA), offering the most complete overview of the modularity of the head to date. Our analysis integrates the many biological dependences that tie hard and soft tissues together, arising as a consequence of development, growth, stresses and loads, and motion. We created an anatomical network model of the human head, where nodes represent anatomical units and links represent their physical articulations. The analysis of the human head network uncovers the presence of 10 musculoskeletal modules, deep-rooted in these biological dependences, of developmental and evolutionary significance. In sum, this study uncovers new anatomical and functional modules of the human head using a novel quantitative method that enables a more comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary anatomy of our lineage, including the evolution of facial expression and facial asymmetry. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 39 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 4 | 10% |
| United States | 4 | 10% |
| Spain | 3 | 8% |
| Canada | 1 | 3% |
| India | 1 | 3% |
| France | 1 | 3% |
| Australia | 1 | 3% |
| Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 1 | 3% |
| Colombia | 1 | 3% |
| Other | 2 | 5% |
| Unknown | 20 | 51% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 28 | 72% |
| Scientists | 11 | 28% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 113 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Australia | 1 | <1% |
| Brazil | 1 | <1% |
| Canada | 1 | <1% |
| Mexico | 1 | <1% |
| Argentina | 1 | <1% |
| United States | 1 | <1% |
| Poland | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 106 | 94% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 19 | 17% |
| Researcher | 16 | 14% |
| Student > Master | 11 | 10% |
| Student > Bachelor | 11 | 10% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 9 | 8% |
| Other | 27 | 24% |
| Unknown | 20 | 18% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 46 | 41% |
| Medicine and Dentistry | 12 | 11% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 7 | 6% |
| Earth and Planetary Sciences | 5 | 4% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 3 | 3% |
| Other | 16 | 14% |
| Unknown | 24 | 21% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 89. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 24 July 2023.
All research outputs
#479,754
of 25,443,857 outputs
Outputs from Scientific Reports
#5,311
of 141,095 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#5,986
of 361,120 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Scientific Reports
#53
of 1,305 outputs
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