| Title |
Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports: A Review of the Literature
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Sports Medicine, February 2015
|
| DOI | 10.1007/s40279-015-0308-9 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Amit Momaya, Marc Fawal, Reed Estes |
| Abstract |
Performance-enhancing substances (PESs) have unfortunately become ubiquitous in numerous sports, often tarnishing the spirit of competition. Reported rates of PES use among athletes are variable and range from 5 to 31 %. More importantly, some of these substances pose a serious threat to the health and well-being of athletes. Common PESs include anabolic-androgenic steroids, human growth hormone, creatine, erythropoietin and blood doping, amphetamines and stimulants, and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. With recent advances in technology, gene doping is also becoming more conceivable. Sports medicine physicians are often unfamiliar with these substances and thus do not routinely broach the topic of PESs with their patients. However, to effect positive change in the sports community, physicians must educate themselves about the physiology, performance benefits, adverse effects, and testing methods. In turn, physicians can then educate athletes at all levels and prevent the use of potentially dangerous PESs. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 44 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 9 | 20% |
| United States | 6 | 14% |
| New Zealand | 3 | 7% |
| Spain | 2 | 5% |
| Chile | 2 | 5% |
| Ireland | 1 | 2% |
| France | 1 | 2% |
| South Africa | 1 | 2% |
| Monaco | 1 | 2% |
| Other | 2 | 5% |
| Unknown | 16 | 36% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Members of the public | 25 | 57% |
| Scientists | 14 | 32% |
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 4 | 9% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 2% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 386 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 2 | <1% |
| Brazil | 2 | <1% |
| Switzerland | 1 | <1% |
| Netherlands | 1 | <1% |
| Austria | 1 | <1% |
| Singapore | 1 | <1% |
| Spain | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 377 | 98% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Bachelor | 78 | 20% |
| Student > Master | 54 | 14% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 43 | 11% |
| Other | 24 | 6% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 19 | 5% |
| Other | 81 | 21% |
| Unknown | 87 | 23% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 66 | 17% |
| Sports and Recreations | 65 | 17% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 31 | 8% |
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 30 | 8% |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 16 | 4% |
| Other | 80 | 21% |
| Unknown | 98 | 25% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 53. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 20 February 2024.
All research outputs
#783,610
of 25,158,951 outputs
Outputs from Sports Medicine
#726
of 2,896 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#10,738
of 365,899 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Sports Medicine
#10
of 24 outputs
Altmetric has tracked 25,158,951 research outputs across all sources so far. Compared to these this one has done particularly well and is in the 96th percentile: it's in the top 5% of all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
So far Altmetric has tracked 2,896 research outputs from this source. They typically receive a lot more attention than average, with a mean Attention Score of 55.7. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 74% of its peers.
Older research outputs will score higher simply because they've had more time to accumulate mentions. To account for age we can compare this Altmetric Attention Score to the 365,899 tracked outputs that were published within six weeks on either side of this one in any source. This one has done particularly well, scoring higher than 97% of its contemporaries.
We're also able to compare this research output to 24 others from the same source and published within six weeks on either side of this one. This one has gotten more attention than average, scoring higher than 62% of its contemporaries.