Title |
The AP-2 family of transcription factors
|
---|---|
Published in |
Genome Biology, December 2005
|
DOI | 10.1186/gb-2005-6-13-246 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Dawid Eckert, Sandra Buhl, Susanne Weber, Richard Jäger, Hubert Schorle |
Abstract |
The AP-2 family of transcription factors consists of five different proteins in humans and mice: AP-2alpha, AP-2beta, AP-2gamma, AP-2delta and AP-2epsilon. Frogs and fish have known orthologs of some but not all of these proteins, and homologs of the family are also found in protochordates, insects and nematodes. The proteins have a characteristic helix-span-helix motif at the carboxyl terminus, which, together with a central basic region, mediates dimerization and DNA binding. The amino terminus contains the transactivation domain. AP-2 proteins are first expressed in primitive ectoderm of invertebrates and vertebrates; in vertebrates, they are also expressed in the emerging neural-crest cells, and AP-2alpha-/- animals have impairments in neural-crest-derived facial structures. AP-2beta is indispensable for kidney development and AP-2gamma is necessary for the formation of trophectoderm cells shortly after implantation; AP-2alpha and AP-2gamma levels are elevated in human mammary carcinoma and seminoma. The general functions of the family appear to be the cell-type-specific stimulation of proliferation and the suppression of terminal differentiation during embryonic development. |
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Researcher | 53 | 21% |
Student > Master | 31 | 12% |
Student > Bachelor | 24 | 9% |
Professor > Associate Professor | 11 | 4% |
Other | 38 | 15% |
Unknown | 37 | 15% |
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Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science | 3 | 1% |
Other | 9 | 4% |
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