| Title |
Sex differences in healthcare expenditures among adults with diabetes: evidence from the medical expenditure panel survey, 2002–2011
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
BMC Health Services Research, April 2017
|
| DOI | 10.1186/s12913-017-2178-3 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Joni S. Williams, Kinfe Bishu, Clara E. Dismuke, Leonard E. Egede |
| Abstract |
The evidence assessing differences in medical costs between men and women with diabetes living in the United States is sparse; however, evidence suggests women generally have higher healthcare expenditures compared to men. Since little is known about these differences, the aim of this study was to assess differences in out-of-pocket (OOP) and total healthcare expenditures among adults with diabetes. Data were used from 20,442 adults (≥18 years of age) with diabetes from the 2002-2011 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Dependent variables were OOP and total direct expenditures for multiple health services (prescription, office-based, inpatient, outpatient, emergency, dental, home healthcare, and other services). The independent variable was sex. Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and time. Sample demographics were summarized. Mean OOP and total direct expenditures for health services by sex status were analyzed. Regression models were performed to assess incremental costs of healthcare expenditures by sex among adults with diabetes. Fifty-six percent of the sample was composed of women. Unadjusted mean OOP costs were higher for women for prescriptions ($1177; 95% CI $1117-$1237 vs. $959; 95% CI $918-$1000; p < 0.001) compared to men. Unadjusted mean total direct expenditures were also higher for women for prescriptions ($3797; 95% CI $3660-$3934 vs. $3334; 95% CI $3208-$3460; p < 0.001) and home healthcare ($752; 95% CI $646-$858 vs. $397; 95% CI $332-$462; p < 0.001). When adjusting for covariates, higher OOP and total direct costs persisted for women for prescription services (OOP: $156; 95% CI $87-$225; p < 0.001 and total: $184; 95% CI $50-$318; p = 0.007). Women also paid > $50 OOP for office-based visits (p < 0.001) and > $55 total expenditures for home healthcare (p = 0.041) compared to men after adjustments. Our findings show women with diabetes have higher OOP and total direct expenditures compared to men. Additional research is needed to investigate this disparity between men and women and to understand the associated drivers and clinical implications. Policy recommendations are warranted to minimize the higher burden of costs for women with diabetes. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profile of 1 X user who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Practitioners (doctors, other healthcare professionals) | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 60 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Unknown | 60 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 9 | 15% |
| Librarian | 6 | 10% |
| Researcher | 6 | 10% |
| Student > Master | 6 | 10% |
| Other | 5 | 8% |
| Other | 10 | 17% |
| Unknown | 18 | 30% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine and Dentistry | 14 | 23% |
| Nursing and Health Professions | 11 | 18% |
| Economics, Econometrics and Finance | 3 | 5% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 2 | 3% |
| Social Sciences | 2 | 3% |
| Other | 8 | 13% |
| Unknown | 20 | 33% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 1. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 11 April 2018.
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#15,504,780
of 23,041,514 outputs
Outputs from BMC Health Services Research
#5,633
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#194,789
of 310,234 outputs
Outputs of similar age from BMC Health Services Research
#96
of 136 outputs
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