Title |
Facial asymmetry and genetic ancestry in Latin American admixed populations
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Published in |
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, January 2015
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DOI | 10.1002/ajpa.22688 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Mirsha Quinto‐Sánchez, Kaustubh Adhikari, Victor Acuña‐Alonzo, Celia Cintas, Caio Cesar Silva de Cerqueira, Virginia Ramallo, Lucia Castillo, Arodi Farrera, Claudia Jaramillo, Williams Arias, Macarena Fuentes, Paola Everardo, Francisco de Avila, Jorge Gomez‐Valdés, Tábita Hünemeier, Shara Gibbon, Carla Gallo, Giovanni Poletti, Javier Rosique, Maria Cátira Bortolini, Samuel Canizales‐Quinteros, Francisco Rothhammer, Gabriel Bedoya, Andres Ruiz‐Linares, Rolando González‐José |
Abstract |
Fluctuating and directional asymmetry are aspects of morphological variation widely used to infer environmental and genetic factors affecting facial phenotypes. However, the genetic basis and environmental determinants of both asymmetry types is far from being completely known. The analysis of facial asymmetries in admixed individuals can be of help to characterize the impact of a genome's heterozygosity on the developmental basis of both fluctuating and directional asymmetries. Here we characterize the association between genetic ancestry and individual asymmetry on a sample of Latin-American admixed populations. To do so, three-dimensional (3D) facial shape attributes were explored on a sample of 4,104 volunteers aged between 18 and 85 years. Individual ancestry and heterozygosity was estimated using more than 730,000 genome-wide markers. Multivariate techniques applied to geometric morphometric data were used to evaluate the magnitude and significance of directional and fluctuating asymmetry (FA), as well as correlations and multiple regressions aimed to estimate the relationship between facial FA scores and heterozygosity and a set of covariates. Results indicate that directional and FA are both significant, the former being the strongest expression of asymmetry in this sample. In addition, our analyses suggest that there are some specific patterns of facial asymmetries characterizing the different ancestry groups. Finally, we find that more heterozygous individuals exhibit lower levels of asymmetry. Our results highlight the importance of including ancestry-admixture estimators, especially when the analyses are aimed to compare levels of asymmetries on groups differing on socioeconomic levels, as a proxy to estimate developmental noise. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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Unknown | 1 | 100% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
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Members of the public | 1 | 100% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
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United States | 3 | 3% |
Argentina | 1 | 1% |
Brazil | 1 | 1% |
Unknown | 94 | 95% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
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Student > Ph. D. Student | 19 | 19% |
Student > Bachelor | 13 | 13% |
Researcher | 11 | 11% |
Professor | 10 | 10% |
Student > Postgraduate | 9 | 9% |
Other | 23 | 23% |
Unknown | 14 | 14% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 31 | 31% |
Medicine and Dentistry | 13 | 13% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 11 | 11% |
Social Sciences | 8 | 8% |
Arts and Humanities | 5 | 5% |
Other | 14 | 14% |
Unknown | 17 | 17% |