Title |
Evolutionary innovation and ecology in marine tetrapods from the Triassic to the Anthropocene
|
---|---|
Published in |
Science, April 2015
|
DOI | 10.1126/science.aaa3716 |
Pubmed ID | |
Authors |
Neil P Kelley, Nicholas D Pyenson |
Abstract |
Many top consumers in today's oceans are marine tetrapods, a collection of lineages independently derived from terrestrial ancestors. The fossil record illuminates their transitions from land to sea, yet these initial invasions account for a small proportion of their evolutionary history. We review the history of marine invasions that drove major changes in anatomy, physiology, and ecology over more than 250 million years. Many innovations evolved convergently in multiple clades, whereas others are unique to individual lineages. The evolutionary arcs of these ecologically important clades are framed against the backdrop of mass extinctions and regime shifts in ocean ecosystems. Past and present human disruptions to marine tetrapods, with cascading impacts on marine ecosystems, underscore the need to link macroecology with evolutionary change. |
X Demographics
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 15 | 20% |
Japan | 6 | 8% |
Germany | 5 | 7% |
Australia | 3 | 4% |
United Kingdom | 3 | 4% |
Thailand | 2 | 3% |
Brazil | 2 | 3% |
Spain | 2 | 3% |
Canada | 2 | 3% |
Other | 8 | 11% |
Unknown | 26 | 35% |
Demographic breakdown
Type | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Members of the public | 47 | 64% |
Scientists | 20 | 27% |
Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 6 | 8% |
Unknown | 1 | 1% |
Mendeley readers
Geographical breakdown
Country | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
United States | 7 | 2% |
Brazil | 5 | 2% |
Germany | 2 | <1% |
Chile | 2 | <1% |
Canada | 2 | <1% |
Argentina | 2 | <1% |
Finland | 1 | <1% |
United Kingdom | 1 | <1% |
Sweden | 1 | <1% |
Other | 2 | <1% |
Unknown | 300 | 92% |
Demographic breakdown
Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Researcher | 59 | 18% |
Student > Ph. D. Student | 52 | 16% |
Student > Master | 42 | 13% |
Student > Bachelor | 35 | 11% |
Professor | 19 | 6% |
Other | 58 | 18% |
Unknown | 60 | 18% |
Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
---|---|---|
Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 126 | 39% |
Earth and Planetary Sciences | 62 | 19% |
Environmental Science | 29 | 9% |
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 15 | 5% |
Chemistry | 5 | 2% |
Other | 22 | 7% |
Unknown | 66 | 20% |